All Quiet On The Western Front Analysis - 929 Words

â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† by Erich Maria Remarque is characterized as an anti-war novel which takes place during World War I. The book details, as stated by the epigraph, soldiers who are utterly destroyed by the physical and mental stress of the war. Paul Baumer, the protagonist, and his comrades goes through many ordeals that contributes to the dehumanizing effects of war. With the disastrous living conditions, the constant fear of death and encounters with other soldiers in the war, Remarque was effective in articulating the monstrosity of war. Primarily, the soldiers are forced to live in an area manifested with rodents and a filthy environment which essentially led to an influx of sicknesses and deaths. In the novel, the†¦show more content†¦It is a mystery where the enemy gets all his shells.† (Remarque, 109) Furthermore, the author helps to reveal the unfavorable side of war by describing the quandary of the Russians in chapter 8. Primarily, the Russians have little to eat and they are found digging the garbage tins of Baumer’s camp unaware of the fact that they too have no food and every ration is eaten up. It states, â€Å" This thin, miserable, dirty garbage is the objective of the prisoners. They pick it out of the stinking tins greedily and go off with it under their blouses.† Although eating out of a garbage may seem like a dreadful thing to do, that doesn’t crosses one’s mind when they have absolutely nothing left to eat. Secondly, the author states that the prisoners used to be more energetic and exuberant about life but they are now incapable to feel the joy they once had for life again. It states, â€Å" and it would often come to blows and knives. But now they are quite apathetic and listless; most of them do not masturbate any more, they are s o feeble.† The narrator realizes that they suffer from the desolation of life and that at their present state, they are vulnerable and unable to do anything. Subsequently, the trench mortars that are depicted in chapter 9, proves how horrific war was for the soldiers in World War I. Essentially, the trench mortars were made to blast bombs into an enemys trench. When this occurred, bits of bodies were blown everywhere andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of All Quiet On The Western Front1331 Words   |  6 PagesAll Quiet On The Western Front is about the story of Paul Baumer, a German soldier who is pressured by his teacher to join the German army during World War I. Paul’s friends also join the front line all across Belgium and France. Paul is transported to the Western Front with his friends. There they meet Kat a soldier who is on the older side of life. While Paul and his friends are fighting at the front line they have to survive the trenches of World War 1. At the beginning of the movie the teacherRead MoreAnalysis Of All Quiet On The Western Front 1884 Words   |  8 PagesPer 5 10 January 2015 War in All Quiet on the Western Front World War one was a war of severe tribulation. resulting in over 50 million deaths, it was one of the deadliest conflicts in human history. Known as the â€Å"Western Front†, the border of Germany and France was the site to some of the bloodiest battles of the war. There are very few novels that truly exemplify the events that took place along this front. Erich Maria Remarque’s novel, All Quiet on the Western Front, Displays important themes,Read MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front Tone Analysis722 Words   |  3 PagesErich Maria Remarque’s novel, All Quiet on the Western Front has a central theme of the harsh realities of war and a general negative attitude toward the subject. This attitude is synonymous of other war poems such as Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen and War Is Kind by Stephen Crane; however, the attitudes are revealed differently in all three pieces through each respective author’s use of diction, imagery, and tone. In the novel All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, the authorRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front Theme Analysis741 Words   |  3 Pagesmen in All Quiet on the Western Front. Paul, the narrator and a German soldier, along with fellow classmates, join the army after being persuaded by their teacher. Based on their teachers description of war, they enter believing war will be a glorious experience. Their beliefs quickly shatter when they witness the first death. Throughout the novel Paul loses many of his friends and sees firsthand how war affects soldiers. Paul soon realizes how war dramatically changes men. In All Quiet on theRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front Animalism Analysis1300 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone who fights in the war has to have animal instincts and basically shut off their emotions. Many moments of being animalistic are shown in All Quiet On the Western Front. One big moment in the book where Paul had to act animalistically is when he killed Gerard Duvall, Paul even says â€Å"I do not think at all, I make no decision-I strike madly at home, and feel only how the body suddenly convulses then becomes limp, and collapses† (Remarque 216). Paul did not even have to think about killing aRead MoreAnalysis of Remarke ´s All Quiet on the Western Front659 Words   |  3 PagesA major reiterated theme of Remarque’s novel All Quiet on the Western Front focuses on BÃ"“umer, the narrator, and his comrade’s accurate view of World War I and how greatly it contrasts to the ideas of the older generation who persuaded the youth to join the war for defending Germany. An analysis of BÃ"“umer’s attitude toward the war reveals that the world of his former authority no longer exists. His first encounters on the front shatter his trust and belief in the views and teachings of the generationRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front Film Analysis1498 Words   |  6 Pages The 1979 television film All Quie t on the Western Front depicts the story of Paul Bauman, a German soldier fresh out of high school who decided to enlist for World War I. Throughout the course of the film, viewers see the general events of World War I from the eyes of the â€Å"losers†, the Germans. Through the use of a German perspective, the portrayal of the horrors of war, and showing the difference of opinions back home and on the front, All Quiet on the Western Front advocates for a more realisticRead MorePaul Baumer Character Analysis, All Quiet on The Western Front.858 Words   |  3 PagesPaper World War I was one of the bloodiest wars with over 31 million deaths, wounded, and missing people. It took place from 1914- 1919 against the Allies and the Central powers. One of the greatest books that show the truth of the war is _All Quiet on the Western Front_. The main character in the novel, Paul, is a German soldier who is only19 years old when he volunteers. Paul is a hopeless, brave, caring soldier who is still trying to figure out who he is. Through out the novel Paul shows that heRead MoreAnalysis Of Erich Maria Remarques All Quiet On The Western Front1319 Words   |  6 Pages War is capable of devastating the minds, personalities and the way they view life, in young men. In Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front Paul and comrades start to lose their innocence throughout the war. Paul and his comrades enlist into war the because they are pressured by Kantorek, headmaster of Paul’s school. But as the war goes on they are backed into corners. They face hardships, difficult decisions and choices that had to be made. Paul and his comrades are young innocentsRead MoreAnalysis of All Quiet on the Western Front: The Real Horrors of the War1120 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿All quiet on the Western Front is not just a book about the horrors of war, but the voice of a nation destroyed by its own ideals. Young men, bearily confrunted with lifes difficulties, ended up meeting death face to face. Initiated by the educational system to know about the most prolific human discoveries, meditations and writings on the human soul, those men plung ed straight into the abyss of despair and hopelessness. And if that hadnt been enough, the end of war brought not the hope they longed

Leadership Skills For A Good Leader Essay - 2569 Words

INTRODUCTION This paper would be evaluating leadership skill with the focus on Microsoft corporation and its leader in relation the various leadership skills two amongst the leadership skills would be subjected to critical evaluation, efforts would be made to critically evaluate the factors that drives a good leader and how they affect a brand like Microsoft, benefits, limitations, etc and a conclusion of research and findings. Leadership is a major factor that drives the success or failure of an organisation, good leaders foresee (vision) a need for change and forward movement of an organization and influence, inspire, motivate others into participating in strategized activities that can bring about such positive impact (achievement of goal). The best way to be a good leader is by being an example, Microsoft was founded April 4, 1975, by Bill gates ( alongside Paul Allen), the corporation is not only multi-departmental but multinational , that develops licenses, sells computer s oftware, consumer electronics just to mention a few. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems (window mobile, vista, 7,8 etc), Microsoft Office office suite(excel, Microsoft office word, ), and Internet Explorer web browser CRITICISMS OF MICROSOFT Microsoft faced several criticisms which includes; outsourcing to China and India, and their poor working conditions at a factory that manufactures some of Microsoft sShow MoreRelatedDifferent Views Of Innate Ability Of Leadership1255 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is leadership? Leadership has nothing to do with seniority, titles, personal attributes and leadership isn’t management. According to Peter Drucker (Forbes) â€Å"The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers.† and John Maxwell (Forbes) said â€Å"Leadership is influence – nothing more, nothing less.† But according to me Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal. I will write this essay is to understand theRead MoreLeadership Communication Training For Under Armour Leaders And Managers1179 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Communication Training for Under Armour Leaders and Managers Introduction This brief training will be addressing Under Armour, the company I am currently employed for. Under Armour is an upcoming athletic wear company that is rising to the top and quickly becoming a competitive brand in the athletic industry. Working with this company for over a year, I feel my store, as well as the other stores in Arizona, could greatly utilize training on leadership communication. I chose a PowerPointRead MoreWhen Examining The Role Of A Professional Nurse Leader,1677 Words   |  7 PagesWhen examining the role of a professional nurse leader, it is important to keep in mind the amount of knowledge, integrity, and conviction it takes to be a strong leader. It takes an unwavering attitude about your own beliefs and a positive outlook for your nursing unit, and what is best for everyone on your team, and your patients. There are several differences and similarities when exploring the roles of leadership and management. Each task demands fairness and strength. While on e of them isRead MoreLeadership As A Position Of Power And Authority1499 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership in Nursing Practice What do you think of when you hear the word leadership? I think of someone who is in a position of power and is leading everyone to a better future. That could be considered a little idealistic, but it is a pleasant thought. Now we all know a leader is someone who leads people to complete sets of common goals and tasks. Leaders are everywhere. They are doing everyday things and seeing everyday people, but they are leaders in their profession, and that includes nursingRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?1507 Words   |  7 PagesAt its simplest definition, a leader is someone who leads other people. But what makes someone a leader? How come some people are leaders and some people are not? How can someone become a leader? Before we can examine what makes a good leader, we have to understand what is the meaning of leadership. Leadership is a topic that has interested historians and philosophers since ancient times. Introducing the expression â€Å"managers are people who do things right, and leaders are people who do the right thing†Read MoreBuilding Leadership Skills Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesLeadership is one of the most sought after skills in the professional world and a fantastic skill to possess outside the workplace. However, while many people can give the dictionary definition of leadership not many understand what it truly means to be a leader. As Teddy Roosevelt said, â€Å"People ask the difference between a leader and a boss†¦The leader works in the open, and the boss in covert. The leader leads, and the boss drives.† This quote captures the essence of what leadership truly is; leadingRead MoreLack Of Strong Communication Skills1533 Words   |  7 Pages Strong communication skills are necessary in order to coordinate daily operations which may require multiple people participating in the care of a patient. Evidence has shown that a lack of strong communic ation has led to negative patient outcomes and financial losses for the institution. Effective communication will help deliver the plan and staff members will know exactly what is expected off them versus trying to figure it out on their own. Good communication will also help to prevent errorsRead MoreWhat Makes A Bad Leader And How They Can Improve1614 Words   |  7 PagesBackground I work Fulltime at Electrical Supply Company and I have observed many types of leaders in my time working both as a manger and as an employee. For the purpose of this assignment I am going call this person John Doe. He is a bad leader because he lacks compassion, integrity, and the will to see things through. During my time working their I have had this manger chastise me in front of my employees causing me to lose credibility. Also, when he visits the store he is always on his phone sometimesRead MoreThe Challenges of Leadership1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe Challenges of Leadership Desire, determination, effectiveness, passion, management skills, being able to inspire, positive attitude, knowing who you are, what to do or not; these are all characteristics of a leader . â€Å"Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.† (Concept of Leadership, 2010). In this 21st century world we are living in and with all the complex changes happeningRead MoreLeadership And Management Approaches For Nursing1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmaking mistakes and errors can affect in quality of patient care. Nursing turnover is a major issue impacting the functioning and success of healthcare organizations. However, leadership and management approaches to the issue can help to improve the nursing environment. Nursing leaders vs Managers The management and leadership are different things but some situations both overlap and sound similar. They focus on different areas and but they both are important in the process to accomplish the desired

Applications For Hypertension Management - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Applications For Hypertension Management? Answer: Introduction Apple Inc is a multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertico, California. The company develops, sells and designs online services, computer software and computer electronics (Apple 2018). The hardware products of the company includes iPhone, Mac personal computer, iPadtablet, iPod, the portable media player, Apple TV digital media player, Apple Watch and Homepod, a smart speaker. About the Product Apple Watch Series 3 is a third generation model of Apple watch, released in the year 2017 on September 22. The watch has an inbuilt long-term evolution (LTE) cellular connectivity and offers data and voice communication along with music streaming facilities. The watch has an electronic SIM card that can share the same mobile number as iPhone of the user (Rawassizadeh, Priceand Petre2015). The hardware of the watch has a dual core Apple S3 processor along with a red digital crown. The software of the watch is watch OS 4 that supports an updated heart rate app, workout app, two-way data synchronization that helps in integrating with various cardio fitness equipment. Target Market and Demographic Profile Apple Watch Series 3 targets the millennial since they are more receptive to technological innovation (Heracleous2013). They areknown as echo boomers whose characteristics vary depending on the region, economic and social conditions. Millennial have increased familiarity with media, digital technologies and communication. Definition of Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior refers to the study of groups, individuals or organizations along with the activities that associates with disposal, use and purchase of services and goods(Mullenand Johnson2013). This also includes considering consumers mental, behavioral and emotional responses that follows or precedes the activities. Scope of the Report This stage happens before the purchase of the product where it is important to identify the needs of the customers(Solomon2014). This creates an excellent opportunity for the marketers toadvertise their goods in a manner that is able to meet their needs. This also helps the customers to believe that their needs could be resolved. Psychological Influence Apple Watch Series 3 recognizes the need of the customers by incorporating the psychological influence. Apple Watch Series 3 has improved feature and functionality (Taylor2015). The biggest change brought to the customers is its additional feature of cellular connectivity. Moreover, Apple Watch users no longer need to keep themselves tethered to the iPhone since this product allows the consumers to receive and make calls, remain connected, receive and send text and stream music. Apple Watch Series 3 also have barometric altimeter along with a faster dual core processor. The Apple Watch Series 3 offers newer styles and bands that help owners in to demonstrate theirindividuality in varied colors and types. Search for Information This stage is the search stage of the consumer decision-making process. People have now progressed from old-fashioned shopping approach to onlinesearch engines(Oliver2014). People also gather information through word of mouth and previous experiences. This is the stage when the customers also think about risk management by considering the advantages and disadvantages that helps in easier decision-making. The best way a marketer can market to this need is by establishing the brand as a market leader. Psychological Influence: Apple recognizes the needs of the customers at this stage by incorporating psychological influence.Apple Watch Series 3 are available in two versions. One comes with onboard cellular connectivity while the other is available with GPS facilities(Starner2014). The non 4G version provides value for money and ensures fitness capabilities. This series 3 watch is a direct replacement of the series 2 watch category. However, both the versions have a chipset inside and are a flag bearer of longevity and fitness. This watch has cycle tracking and water resistant facilities along with facilities for heart rate monitoring. This watch haslatest operating software, WatchOS 4, makes the watch expensive. This watch acts as additional benefits for the fitness freak as it has apps that primarily focuses on fitness. The watch is available at a price of AU$459. Evaluation of the Alternatives This is that stage when the customers seem to place their queries regarding the product. At this stage, they try to analyze the real need of the product as a part of their well-being(Gunterand Furnham2014). Once the customer is convinces themselves about satisfying their needs they look out for the best deals in town based on quality, price and other factors that they consider important. Dealing with this stage cannot be easier for marketers. They can however meet this stage by placing the details of their product on their websites. Psychological Influence: Apple Watch Series 3 is not only elegant and light but has a 1.65-inch square display that helps in displaying better data. The screen makes use of organic light-emitting diode(OLED) technology that makes the watch more attractive. The watch also had a bright, vivid and clear display that allows greater view. The screen also automatically switches off in order to preserve battery(Akana et al. 2015). This implies that the wrist needs to be flickered for seeing the display. However, the algorithms of Apple are designed in a manner that a little flick is powerful enough to light up the display. This watch had the facilities of music streaming. The new version of Apple watch also has inbuilt cellular connection that allows it to work independently with the phone. This allows the users to not only receive calls but also receive app notifications. Call quality of Apple Watch Series 3 is quite impressive in terms of voice quality and sensitivity. Therefore, this watch allows users to have c onservation while running. The integration of the watch with the iPhone is also useful while driving. Decision for Purchase This is the stage when the customer decides to make a purchase based on the knowledge gathered. At this stage, they are assured about the place from where they want to make a purchase. This stage helps the customers to access all facts and thereby come to a logical conclusion based on advertising/marketing campaign or emotional experiences/ connections(Schiffman et al. 2013). This is the stage when the marketer needs to provide a sense of security thereby reminding the customers on why they made the purchase. Here the marketers also need to remind the customers that the brand can essentially fulfill their needs. The markets can also reinforce purchase decisions through email reminders. Psychological Influence The marketers of Apple can also follow this approach in addition to focusing on the motivating the customers for making a purchase. The purchase of Apple Watch Series 3 would be the best decision on the part of the users, as it will allow them to receive or make calls without even using a handset(Taylor2015). The LTE enabled Apple Watch Series 3 is automatically able to reconnect when there is a loss of connection. The entire display has LTE antenna and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS) that provides excellent coverage inside and in outdoor. The Apple watches uses the same telephone number as that of iPhone and so the users have their calls routed to the watch. This series of phone also have complete data connectivity so that music streaming can happen directly from the wrist. Therefore, the watch allows users to stream music from the wearable device. The Apple Watch Series 3 has a built in Barometric Altimeter that helps tracking the activities of the users. This series of Apple Watch has made problem outdated, as they are able to track activity, the number of flights climbed and enable tracking of outdoor workouts that included elevation gain. This high technology watch allows asking Siri questions and hears the respond using the built in speaker of the watch. This is quite helpful while the user wants to send a text message while driving. The Siri will enable confirm the message by reading it to the user and sending it. Moreover, Apple Watch Series 3 has improved processor along with a wireless chipset. The new wireless chip also known as W2 enhances the ability of the watch in connecting to the Bluetooth and Wifi internet without sacrificing the life of the battery. Post Purchase Decision This is the review stage for the customers as well as the company. After purchase when the customer finds that the product has exceeded or matched promises more than their expectation they tend to become their brand ambassadors that helps in influencing other customers(Cohen, Prayagand Moital2014). However if the expectations are not met then negative feedback from the consumers also pour in thereby ending the journey of other potential consumers. In such cases follow up emails and surveys to the customers can be of help. Apple also considers the necessary feedback from the customers in modifying their products. Psychological Influence: Negative feedback from the consumers is bound make any company depressed however; Apple belongs to a category of company that uses negative reviews from its consumers to make necessary changes to its products so that they become easily acceptable the next time round(Kumar et al. 2015). Apple never feeds trolls as they come from people with wrong perspectives and could sometimes be contentious and disrespectful. The company also takes a pause before reacting and jumping into immediate actions. Apple therefore tries to affirm relationships with its customers with newer modified versions of its products. For this, they tend to prepare, understand interest, affirm relationships, searching for creative solutions and evaluating the options that are reasonable and objective. Key Recommendations The key recommendations to the brand for influencing the customers for purchasing the product are as follows: In terms of Fashion: Although the Apple Watch Series 3 is a high tech device, the company can push the style to envelope further. The company can thus collaborate with inexpensive brands like Target for increased customizationand decrease its price. This will enable Apple to optimize its product and appeal more to the masses. In terms of Independence: The reliance of the Apple watch on its iPhone is one of its biggest flaws. There is a need for the people tocarry the phones for facilitating Bluetooth connectivity that helped in enabling the function ability of the watch. Thus, without the iPhone the use of the watch becomes limited. Therefore, the watch is a more of an accessory rather than an independent device. Incorporating features that make the watch an independent entity that can encourage target customers to make a purchase. Incorporating Health App: Incorporating health metric and innovation analysis inthe latest Apple Watch Series 3 would not only monitor all facets of the wellness growth but would definitively enhance its popularity among the masses. Conclusion: The report ends by putting forward recommendations that would increase the sales of the Apple Watch Series 3. There is also discussion on the five stages of consumer decision-making process and how the Apple meets focuses on each of the stage through psychological influence. The report also gives a brief overview of the company, its products and the target audience along with their demographic profile. References: Apple. (2018).Apple Watch Series 3. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/apple-watch-series-3/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018]. Cohen, S.A., Prayag, G. and Moital, M., 2014. Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities.Current Issues in Tourism,17(10), pp.872-909. Gunter, B. and Furnham, A., 2014.Consumer Profiles (RLE Consumer Behaviour): An Introduction to Psychographics(Vol. 5). Routledge. Heracleous, L., 2013. Quantum strategy at Apple Inc.Organizational Dynamics,42(2), pp.92-99. Kumar, N., Khunger, M., Gupta, A. and Garg, N., 2015. A content analysis of smartphonebased applications for hypertension management.Journal of the American Society of Hypertension,9(2), pp.130-136. Mullen, B. and Johnson, C., 2013.The psychology of consumer behavior. Psychology Press. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Rawassizadeh, R., Price, B.A. and Petre, M., 2015. Wearables: Has the age of smartwatches finally arrived?.Communications of the ACM,58(1), pp.45-47. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Starner, T., 2014. How wearables worked their way into the mainstream.IEEE Pervasive Computing,13(4), pp.10-15. Taylor, A.G., 2015. Common Features. InGet Fit with Apple Watch(pp. 3-8). Apress.

Jetblue Essay Example

Jetblue Essay Learning objectives 1. institutional aspects of equity issuance transaction 2. costs and benefits associated with public share offerings 3. develop a deeper appreciation for challenges of valuing unseasoned firms and enhance corporate valuation skills KEY QUESTIONS FOR CONISDERATION 1)What are the advantages and disadvantages of going public? 2)What different approaches can be used to value JetBlue’s shares? 3)At what price would you recommend that JetBlue offer their shares? Potential Questions to be addressed in report submission * What is an Initial Public Offering and why is it such a big deal? Is going public, particularly at the time they did, a good idea for JetBlue? * What do you believe JetBlue stock is really worth? * Does the financial forecast in case Exhibit 13 seem reasonable? * What are the key assumptions in the IPO valuation? * Is the length of the forecast period within the IPO valuation (exhibit 13) reasonable? * What discount rate is appropriate for the cas h flow forecast? * How would you suggest estimating the terminal value? What assumptions have you made? How have your assumptions affected the estimated value of JetBlue shares? Introduction After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, it was upset deeply because of the safety for the airline industry in the United States. The passenger demand suddenly reduced and many flights cancelled afterwards, which led a lot of American airlines declared bankruptcy afterwards, including US Airways and United Airlines. It was a challenging time for airline industry, however, David Neeleman, the CEO and Founder of JetBlue Airways, discovered an opportunity for the company. Barely two years after its foundation, the company decided to raise additional capital through initial public offering (IPO). This report is aimed to apply financial theories and concepts into analyse the real case study of JetBlue Airline. Firstly, the background of JetBlue will be introduced briefly. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of going public for JetBlue will be discussed in the following pages. In addition, the share valuation of JetBlue IPO will be estimated based on several assumptions. Last but not least, the recommendation will be provided in the last past of this report. Background JetBlue was founded by David Neeleman in 1999, which looked to fulfil the purpose of â€Å"humanity back to air travel†. We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jetblue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By following the low-cost model of Southwest Airlines, JetBlue pursued to offer passengers an enjoyable flying experience by providing in-flight entertainment, comfortable room and high-quality customer service. In addition, in order to organise a strong and experienced working team, Neeleman employed several skilled senior managers, comprising of David Barger who was a former vice president of Continental Airlines to be president and COO and John Owen who was executive vice president and former treasurer of Southwest Airlines to be CFO in JetBlue. Moreover, as the founder of JetBlue, Neeleman have own extensive experience with airline start-ups from managing low-fare flights during university period. Based on the explicit marketing strategy of JetBlue, barely less than one year, the company increased the routes to other cities in America and it continued to grow rapidly to 17 destinations in early 2002. And not only that, JetBlue adopted the active measures to increase expenditures for security by setting up equip cockpits with bulletproof doors and security cameras, which enhanced the confidence of US residences to take flights under the circumstance of few people was afraid of flying after September 11 hijackings. Advantages and disadvantages of going public Refer to Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2011), initial public offerings are stocks issued by a formerly privately owned company that is going public, which means that selling stock to the public for the first time. According to Rothberg, the following table are shown some advantages and disadvantages of going public. Pros| Cons| Potentially large bonuses for business owners| High explicit cost – roughly 7% of the funds raised| Ability to raise additional capital rapidly in the future| Pressure to meet investor expectations| Attraction and retention for the valuable talents| Less control on make business decisions – decisions should be based on the interest of shareholders and investors other than owners themselves| Easy to sell ownership shares when owners exit business or retire| Reporting disclosure on regular basis| Access to capital markets| | In relation to this case, JetBlue aimed to raise additional capital through an IPO in order to support company’s growth and offset portfolio losses by investors. Moreover, according to John Owen, JetBlue had prepared the initial registration statement with security and exchange commission (SEC) for the IPO on September 11, 2001. However, based on the September 11 attacks, they delayed IPO before it came into force. In fact, not only the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, but several events happened negatively affected the global economy during the period of going public for JetBlue. For example, the contagion of bird flu was quite severe during taking flights, which definitely influenced the demand of flights. The increasing oil price also raised the basic cost in any transportation industry. Another negative condition could be the economic downturn, including crash of the dot-com bubble and financial crisis in Asia. From this point of view, it seemed not to be an appropriate time to going public. However, faced with the weak financial markets, JetBlue measured the targeted strategies and made success in profitable operations. And IPO market is never dead for good company with real revenues and real earnings just like JetBlue. It then turned out that it was a suitable time for JetBlue to IPO during the economic downturn though. JetBlue’s shares valuation There are various methods to value shares for a company, including free cash flow to equity (FCFE) method discounted by WACC, free cash flow to firm (FCFF) method discounted by cost of equity, dividend discount model and relative valuation techniques. Since JetBlue had not paid out any dividends on common stock, dividend discount model cannot be used to estimate company share value. In addition, FCFF method do not consider the effect of interest payment, however, as mentioned in the case, the Federal Reserve had attempted to stimulate economic activity by reducing interest rates. Therefore, from my point of view, it was more appropriate to value JetBlue share by FCFE method to consider the consequences of interest rate. The assumptions are made for evaluate JetBlue share value as follows. The long-run growth rate was expected to be 7% annually. And the company would have survived and would be a typical firm with an estimated cost of equity of 15% in 2010. Last but not least, the appropriate discount rate was assumed to be 30%. Additionally, there was a quite weird number disappeared in the Exhibit 13, which was the expected inflation rate was 4 times in 2002 than other years. After changing it back to the normal, the share value then could be calculated to be around $24. 60 per share. (Appendix 1) Recommendation Based on the assumptions, the calculated consequence is identical to the initial offering prices which ranged from initial price to implemented offering price ($24 to $25). Faced with sizable excess demand to potential investors, JetBlue took the appropriate measure to increase share value in order to avoid â€Å"money leave on the table†. In the long run, I believe that JetBlue will still grow at a stable stage as the innovative spirit and seasonable measures to the different types of events. Therefore, JetBlue’s stock was worth for the potential and incoming investors. We prepared to retristrict initial registration with SEC for the IPO on September 11, 2001. Based on the event of that morning, we didnot . We waited until stock market settled down. We returned the profitability in November and December. We started to issue IPO gain in Christmas time. Obviously, we modified the document a bit. High growth, low cost profitable airline has rebounded substantially in the market place. It was a very good stands to do the IPO for JetBlue. Even though it was 2002, the IPO market was pretty much dead, the IPO market is never dead for good company with real revenues and real earnings. So we were confident even a small amount of John Owen registration statement with underwriters FCFF we do not consider the effect of interest payment 1) In FCFF, we use EBIT (1-t) whereas in FCFE, we use Net Income; this is because while using EBIT (1-t) in FCFF we do not consider the effect of interest payment as mentioned above. 2) IN FCFE, we use Change in Non- Cash Working Capital*(1-D) – Capital expenditure*(1-D) whereas in FCFF we use Change in Non-Cash Working Capital – Capital Expenditure; this is because we just want to concentrate on cash flow due to equity only. Reference Bodie Z. , Kane, A. , Marcus, A. J. (2011). Investments (9th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill Rothberg F. The Pros and Cons of Going Public. Retrieved from http://www. cfoedge. com/resources/articles/cfo-edge-the-pros-and-cons-of-going-public. pdf Appendix (Appendix 1: Share valuation of JetBlue Airways) [ 1 ]. Bodie Z. , Kane, A. , Marcus, A. J. (2011). Investments (9th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill [ 2 ]. Rothberg F. The Pros and Cons of Going Public. Retrieved from http://www. cfoedge. com/resources/articles/cfo-edge-the-pros-and-cons-of-going-public. pdf

Gun Powder Essay Example

Gun Powder Essay Example Gun Powder Essay Gun Powder Essay Gunpowder (a. k. a black powder) is a mixture of sulphur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. Gunpowder is a compound that can be made just using potassium nitrate and charcoal, but without the sulphur, the powder is not as strong as with the sulphur. It burns rapidly, producing a volume of hot gas that is made up of carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen, and a solid residue of potassium sulfide. Because of its burning rate and properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it can generate, gunpowder has and is been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. The term of gunpowder also refers broadly to any powder that has propellant. Though modern firearms do not use the traditional gunpowder, instead they use smokeless powder. The burn rate of gunpowder can be changed by corning. Corning first compresses the fine black powder formula into blocks with a fixed density of around 1. 7 g/cm?. The blocks are then broken up into granules. These granules are then sorted by size to give various grades of black powder. Different grades of black powder are use for different things. In the U. S. standard grades of black powder runs from the coarse Fg grade that are used in large bore rifles and small cannons. Through FFg which is used in medium and small-bore weapons such as muskets and fusils, FFFg used in small-bore rifles and pistols, and FFFFg that is used in extreme small bore, short pistols and for priming flintlocks. A simple, in a way, chemical equation for the combustion of black powder is 2 KNO3 + S + 3 C K2S + N2 + 3 CO2. The more accur ate, though simplified a bit, is 10 KNO3 + 3 S + 8 C 2 K2CO3 + 3 K2SO4 + 6 CO2 + 5 N2. : Burning gunpowder does not take place as a single reaction, and the byproducts are not easily predicted. One studys results showed that it produced: 55. 91% solid products: potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium sulfide, sulfur, potassium nitrate, potassium thiocyanate, carbon, ammonium carbonate. 42. 98% gaseous products: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, methane, and 1. 11% water. Black powder that is made with sodium nitrate tends to be hygroscopic, unlike black powders made from saltpeter. Because black powder that is made with saltpeter is less affected by moisture in the air, and it can be stored unsealed for centuries without degradation if it is kept dry. Contrasting, black powder made with sodium nitrate has to be sealed from the moisture in the air to remain stable for long periods. Advantages In firearms, black powder allows loading by volumetric measure, where as smokeless powder requires precise measuring of the charge by weight to prevent damage due to overloading, but damage by overloading is still possible with black powder. In quarrying, high explosives are generally preferred for shattering rock. Though, because of its low brisance, black powder causes fewer fractures and results in more usable stone compared to other explosives, making black powder useful for blasting monumental rocks such as granite and marble. Black powder is well suited for blank rounds, or signal flares, burst charges, and rescue-line launches. Black powder is also used in fireworks for lifting the shells in rockets as fuel, and in certain special effects. Disadvantages Black powder has a low energy density compared to modern smokeless powders, and it produces a thick smoke that can impair aiming and reveal a shooters position. Combustion converts less than half the mass of black powder to gas. The rest of it ends up as a thick layer of soot inside the barrel. In addition the residue from burnt black powder is hygroscopic and a caustic substance. When moisture from the air is absorbed, the potassium oxide or sodium oxide turns into hydroxide, which will corrode used iron or steel gun barrels. Black powder arms must be well cleaned both inside and outside to remove the residue. The Matchlock musket, which is an early gun, would be unusable in wet weather because of powder in the pan being exposed and dampened, in which case soldiers would have to use the ends as clubs or use their bayonets. Other uses Besides its habitual use as an explosive, gunpowder has been occasionally employed for other purposes. After the Battle of Aspern-Essling (1809), the surgeon of the Napoleonic Army Larrey combated the lack of food for the wounded under his care by preparing a bouillon of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder because of the lack of salt. It was also used for sterilizing on ships when there was no alcohol. Christiaan Huygens experimented with gunpowder in 1673 in an early attempt to build an internal combustion engine, but he did not succeed in making a practical engine. Fireworks and Firecrackers also use gunpowder but use different brands and different chemicals. Black powder is still used in delay-trains in modern arms. For instance, in a hand grenade, a mechanical striker ignites a percussion primer which ignites a slow black powder delay. The delay burns a few seconds until it gets to the high explosive primary, which detonates, initiating the grenade fill explosive, thus fragmenting the grenade and killing anyone in a 20ft radius. Transportation The UN Model Regulations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods and national transportation authorities, such as United States Department of Transportation, have classified gunpowder as a Group A: Primary explosive substance for shipment because it ignites so easily. Complete manufactured devices containing black powder are usually classified as Group D: Secondary detonating substance, or black powder, or article containing secondary detonating substance, such as firework, class D model rocket engine, etc. , for shipment because they are harder to ignite than loose powder. As explosives, they all fall into the category of Class 1. Characteristics The term black powder was used in the late 19th century to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders. Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that coppied black powder in terms of chamber pressure when used in firearms, but had significantly reduced the amount of smoke and combustion products. Black powder is a granular mixture of a nitrate, usually potassium nitrate (KNO3), which supplies oxygen for the reaction charcoal, which provides carbon and other fuel for the reaction, simplified as carbon (C) sulfur (S), which, also serves as a fuel, lowers the temperature required to ignite the mixture, in doing so increasing the rate of combustion. Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, preparing the rapid burning of the other ingredients. To reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition by static electricity, the granules of modern black powder are typically coated with graphite, which prevents the build-up of electrostatic charge. Charcoal does not consist of pure carbon, but rather, it consists of partially pyrolyzed cellulose, in which the wood is not completely decomposed. The current standard composition for the black powders that are manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as 1780. Proportions by weight are 75% potassium nitrate, 15% softwood charcoal, and 10% sulfur. The ratios have varied over the centuries and by country, and can be altered depending on the purpose of the powder. For example, power grades of black powder, unsuitable for use in firearms but adequate for blasting rock, is called blasting powder rather than gunpowder, because of its standard proportions of 70% nitrate, 14% charcoal, and 16% sulfur. Blasting powder may be made with the cheaper sodium nitrate substituted for potassium nitrate and proportions may be as low as 40% nitrate, 30% charcoal, and 30% sulfur, but who knows. Colored Fire For gunpowder to burn a different color simply add different chemicals, such as those used in fireworks. For example barium which is used to create green colors in fireworks, copper to produce blue colors in fireworks, lithium which is a metal is used to give red colors to fireworks. In doing so different elements produce a different color.

Definition and Examples of Decorum in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Decorum in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, decorum is the use of a style that is appropriate to a subject, situation, speaker, and audience. According to Ciceros discussion of decorum in De Oratore (see below), the grand and important theme should be treated in a dignified and noble style, the humble or trivial theme in a less exalted manner. Examples and Observations Decorum is not simply found everywhere; it is the quality whereby speech and thought, wisdom and performance, art and morality, assertion and deference, and many other elements of action intersect. The concept underwrites Ciceros alignment of the plain, middle, and elevated oratorical styles with the three main functions of informing, pleasing, and motivating an audience, which in turn extends rhetorical theory across a wide range of human affairs.  (Robert Hariman, Decorum. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2001) Aristotle on Aptness of Language Your language will be appropriate if it expresses emotion and character, and if it corresponds to its subject. Correspondence to subject means that we must neither speak casually about weighty matters, nor solemnly about trivial ones; nor must we add ornamental epithets to commonplace nouns, or the effect will be comic... To express emotion, you will employ the language of anger in speaking of outrage; the language of disgust and discreet reluctance to utter a word when speaking of impiety or foulness; the language of exultation for a tale of glory, and that of humiliation for a tale of pity and so on in all other cases.This aptness of language is one thing that makes people believe in the truth of your story: their minds draw the false conclusion that you are to be trusted from the fact that others behave as you do when things are as you describe them; and therefore they take your story to be true, whether it is so or not.(Aristotle, Rhetoric) Cicero on Decorum For the same style and the same thoughts must not be used in portraying every condition in life, or every rank, position, or age, and in fact a similar distinction must be made in respect to place, time, and audience. The universal rule, in oratory as in life, is to consider propriety. This depends on the subject under discussion and the character of both the speaker and the audience...This, indeed, is the form of wisdom that the orator must especially employto adapt himself to occasions and persons. In my opinion, one must not speak in the same style at all times, nor before all people, nor against all opponents, not in defence of all clients, not in partnership with all advocates. He, therefore, will be eloquent who can adapt his speech to fit all conceivable circumstances.(Cicero, De Oratore) Augustinian Decorum In opposition to Cicero, whose ideal was to discuss commonplace matters simply, lofty subjects impressively, and topics ranging between in a tempered style, Saint Augustine defends the manner of the Christian gospels, which sometimes treat the smallest or most trivial matters in an urgent, demanding high style. Erich Auerbach [in Mimesis, 1946] sees in Augustines emphasis the invention of a new kind of decorum opposed to that of the classical theorists, one oriented by its lofty rhetorical purpose rather than its low or common subject matter. It is only the aim of the Christian speakerto teach, admonish, lamentthat can tell him what sort of style to employ. According to Auerbach, this admission of the most humble aspects of daily life into the precincts of Christian moral instruction has a momentous effect on literary style, generating what we now call realism.  (David Mikics, A New Handbook of Literary Terms. Yale University Press, 2007) Decorum in Elizabethan Prose From Quintilian and his English exponents (plus, it must not be forgotten, their inheritance of normal speech patterns) the Elizabethans at the end of the [16th] century learned one of their major prose styles. [Thomas] Wilson had preached the Renaissance doctrine of ​decorum: the prose must fit the subject and the level at which it is written. Words and sentence pattern must be apt and agreeable. These may vary from the condensed native maxim like Enough is as good as a feast (he recommends Heywoods proverbs which had recently appeared in print) to the elaborate or exonerated sentences adorned with all the colours of rhetoric. Exoneration opened the wayand Wilson provided full examplesfor new sentence structures with egall members (the balanced antithetical sentence), gradation and progression (the paratactic cumulation of short main clauses leading to a climax), contrarietie (antithesis of opposites, as in To his friend he is churlish, to his foe he is gentle), the series of sentences with like endings or with repetition (like opening words), plus the verbal metaphors, the longer similitudes, and the whole gallery of tropes, schemes, and figures of speech of the last few decades of the 16th century.  (Ian A. Gordon, The Movement of English Prose. Indiana University Press, 1966)

African americans and the military during WW2 Essay

African americans and the military during WW2 - Essay Example They nurtured great expectations due to their excellent work and war records they possessed. This hope had been carried further as President Wilson declared that the war was being fought â€Å"to make the world safe for democracy†.(President Wilson, World War I) African American soldiers as well as the civilians always recollected or remembered their painful experiences of World War I. They had endured discrimination and segregation in almost all areas and they were not willing to accept these factors once again. So they started raising their voices in protest for which they had to undergo severe punishment in lieu of their attitude. Their hopes and aspirations were dashed to the ground when after the war; discriminatory feelings began to grow against them in leaps and bounds. The Ku Klux Klan was once again revived and gained the support of other anti- African American groups. The Blacks suffered horrendous discrimination and riots and attacks left thousands homeless. Many of the Black writers interviewed some of the black American slaves and received a first hand report of the atrocities meted out to them. Due to segregation of the Black Americans discontentment and the need to take revenge brewed among them. Many organizational groups such as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the NAACP and the National Urban League tried very hard to put an end to segregation of the Black Americans and the discrimination shown to them, but all the efforts undertaken were slow and laborious. The NAACP also worked towards obtaining voting rights and tried hard to dismantle discrimination and segregation by moving the court. They also strived hard to gain laws that were beneficial to the suffering African Americans. The â€Å"Jim Crow† laws that were mandated discriminated Blacks to have separate facilities for worship, housing, travel, schooling, lodging, eating and drinking and all other aspects of

To what extend can it be argued that blogs encourage active citizens Essay

To what extend can it be argued that blogs encourage active citizens - Essay Example ontain reflections about daily life and produced by individuals with the primary audience being other bloggers that the individual links with on a regular basis. However, the blogs do not have any restriction on access and can therefore available to anyone. Even as a majority of blogs contain personal reflections, blogs that have had profound influence on society due to their wide readership are those that focus on matters of public interest. This essay focuses on the role played by blogs targeting public interests in order to assess the role such platforms play in encouraging active citizens (Herring, Scheidt, Wright and Bonus, 2005). The ability of blogs to attract public interest and therefore influence the way people interact and can be seen from the popularity gained by Instapundit.com written by Glenn Reynolds. The blogger a law lecturer at the University of Tennessee, had by March 2005 reached the hundred-millionth page hit plus a further 200,000 more hits on a daily basis. Given that Reynolds’ blog is dedicated to the commentary of current public affairs, it indicates the attraction of citizens to such blogs as a platform for them to contribute in what is going on around them. This further indicates the ability of blogs to generate popularity by attracting readership in most cases through their sharp, partisan commentary on current public affairs (Griffiths 2004). Further, a single blog has the ability to introduce readers into new debates and topic discussions through hyperlinks that lead readers to other topics that they might find interesting. Although there are those with the view that specific blogs attract people with similar views to engage in discussion and that those with opposing sentiments are silenced (Cohen 2006), the hyperlink to others provides a means through which diverse views on matters of current affairs can be debated. Bloggers in most cases comment on what others are saying by linking their views with those who hold different

Summary The Health Care Quality Book Essay Example for Free

Summary The Health Care Quality Book Essay Chapter 1: science and knowledge foundation Two notable contributions to the industry from the Journal of American Medical Association: 1. Assessment of the state of quality ïÆ'   serious and widespread quality problems 2. Categorization of three defects: a. Underuse: many scientifically sound practices are not used as often as they should be b. Overuse: can be seen in areas such as imaging studies for diagnosis in acute asymptomatic low back pain or prescription of antibiotics when not indicated for infections. c. Misuse: when the proper clinical care process is not executed appropriately, such as giving the wrong drug to a patients. To Err Is Human: publication that shows the severity of the quality problems in a way that captured the attention of all key stakeholders for the first time ïÆ'   this report spoke about the negative, not how it should be improved. Crossing the quality chasm: provided a blueprint for the future that classified and unified the components of quality through six aims for improvement, chain of effect and simple rules for redesign of health care. Six dimensions of quality (Berwick): Outcome measures and goals (IOM) = Institute of Medicine’s Safe Percentage of overall mortality rates/patients experiencing adverse events or harm Effective: science and evidence should be applied and serve as the standard for delivery of care. How well are evidence based practices followed? Percentage of time diabetic patients receive all recommended care at each doctor visit.. Efficient: Care and service should be cost effective, and waste should be removed. Analyzing the costs of care by patient, organization, provider or community Timely: no waits or delays in receiving care Measured by waits and delays in receiving needed care, service, and test results. Patient centered: system should revolve around the patient, respect its preferences and put the patient in control Patient or family satisfaction with care and service Equitable: Disparities should be eradicated. Examining differences in quality measures by race, gender, income or other factors. The underlying framework for achieving these aims depicts the health care system in four levels: Level A: what happens with the patient Level B: the micro system where care is delivered by small provider teams Level C: organizational level: the macro system or aggregation of the Microsystems and supporting functions. Level D: external environment where payment mechanisms, policy and regulatory factors reside (verblijven) Chapter 2: Basic concepts of health care quality The following attributes relevant to the definition of quality of care are important: Technical performance ïÆ'   refers to how well current scientific medical knowledge and technology are applied in a given situation (it is usually assessed in terms of timeliness and accuracy of the diagnosis, appropriateness in of therapy) Management of the interpersonal relationship ïÆ'   refers to how well the clinician relates to the patient on a human level. The quality of this relationship is important because: By establishing a good relationship with the patient the clinician is able to fully address the patient’s concerns, reassure the patient and relieve the patient’s suffering It can affect technical performance: the clinician is better able to elicit from that patient are more complete and accurate medical history, which can result in a better diagnosis Amenities (voorzieningen) ïÆ'   refers to the characteristics of the setting in which the encounter between patient and clinician takes place, such as comfort, convenience and privacy. Amenities are valued both in their own right and for their effect on the technical and interpersonal aspects of care. Amenities can yield (opleveren) benefits that are more indirect. Access ïÆ'   refers to the degree to which individuals and groups are able to obtain needed services. Responsiveness to patient preferences ïÆ'   respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs affects quality of care as a factor in its own right. Equity ïÆ'   the amount, type or quality of health care provided can be related systematically to an individual’s characteristics, particularly race and ethnicity, rather than to the individual’s need for care or healthcare preferences, have heightened concern about equity in health care. Medicine does not fulfill its function adequately until the same perfection is within the reach of all individuals. Efficiency ïÆ'   refers to how well resources are used in achieving a given result. Cost-effectiveness ïÆ'   how much benefit, typically measured in terms of improvement in health status, the intervention yields for a particular level of expenditure. For each stakeholder in health care, quality can be differently defined: page 30 + 31. These definitions have a great deal in common: Each definition emphasizes different aspects of care Definitions conflict only in relation to cost-effectiveness All evaluations of quality of care can be classified in terms of one of the three aspects of caregiving they measure: Structure: when quality is measured in terms of structure, the focus is on the relatively static characteristics of the individuals who provide care and of the settings where the care is delivered. These characteristics include the education, training and certification of professionals. Process: refers to what takes place during the delivery of care, also can be the basis for evaluating quality of care. Outcomes: Outcome measures, which capture whether healthcare goals were achieved, are another way of assessment of quality of care. Outcome measures have to include the costs of care as well as patients’ satisfaction with care. Which one is better to use? ïÆ'   none of them, all depends on the circumstances. To assess quality using structure, process or outcome measures, we need to know what constitutes good structure, good process and good outcomes. We need criteria and standards we can apply to those measures of care: Criteria = specific attributes that are the basis for assessing quality Standards = express quantitatively what level the attributes must reach to satisfy preexisting expectations about quality. For example ïÆ'   type of measure: structure and focus on primary care group practice: Criterion: percentage of board-certified physicians in internal or family medicine – Standard: 100% of physicians in the practice must be board certified in internal or family medicine. Optimal standards: denote the level of quality that can be reached under the best conditions, typically conditions similar to those under which efficacy is determined ïÆ'   useful as reference point. Structural measures are well suited to detecting lack of capacity to deliver care of acceptable quality. They are also only as good and useful as strength of their relation to desired processes and outcomes. To evaluate structure, process and outcome measures criteria and standards are essential. Whereas the formulation of criteria is expected to be evidence driven (efficacy). The setting of standards is not similarly tied to scientific literature. The decision to set standards at a minimal, ideal or achievable level is most meaningful if driven by the goals behind the specific quality of care evaluation for which the standards are to be used. Chapter 3: Variation in medical practice and implications for quality Variation ïÆ'   the difference between an observed event and a standard or norm. Without this standard, or best practice, measurement of variation offers little beyond (biedt niet meer dan) a description of the observations. Random variation = physical attribute of the event or process, adheres to the laws of probability and cannot be traced to a root cause. (houdt zich aan de wetten van waarschijnlijkheid en kan niet worden herleid tot een oorzaak). It is not worth to study it in detail. Assignable variation = arises from a single or small set of causes that are not part of the event or process and therefore can be traced, identified, and implemented and eliminated ïÆ'   subject to potential misunderstanding because of complexity of design and interpretation. 1. Process variation = the difference in procedure throughout an organization (use of various screening methods for colorectal cancer) Technique ïÆ'   multitude of ways in which a procedure can be performed within the realm of acceptable medical practice. 2. Outcome variation = difference in the result of a single process (mostly focus on this measure) the process yielding optimal results ïÆ'   outcomes research 3. Performance variation = the difference between any given result and the optimal ideal result. This threshold or best practice is the standard against which all other measurements of variation are compared. Performance variation tells us where we are and how far we are from where we want to be, and suggests ways to achieve the desired goal. Variation can be desirable? ïÆ'   a successful procedure that differs from other, less successful procedures is by definition variation. The objective then for quality improvement is not simply to identify variation but to determine its value. How can the variation be eliminated or reduced in the ways that focus on the variation rather than on the people involved? So, understanding the implications for quality of variation in medical practice is not simply learning how eliminate variation but learning how to improve performance by identifying and accommodating good or suboptimal variation from a predefined best practice. Variability plays a role in identifying, measuring and reporting quality indicators (effective, efficient, equitable..) and process-of-care improvements. Some hospitals are reluctant to use quality improvement measures (they perceive them as biased towards academic medical research centers or large health care organization) ïÆ'   untrue! Quality improvements efforts can be and have been successfully applied to small organization and practices. The size of an organization also effects the ability to disseminate (verspreiden) best practices. Large organization tend to have rigid frameworks or bureaucracies; change is slow and requires perseverance (doorzettingsvermogen) and the ability to make clear to skeptics and enthusiasts the value of the new procedure in their group and across the system. An organization ‘s commitment to paying for quality improvement studies and implementation is equally affected by its size and infrastructure, but there are some minimum standard levels of quality and linked reimbursement schemes to achieving goals established by the Joint Commission, CMS and Medicare ïÆ'   all organizations obligated to meet these standards. Quality improvement effort must consider organizational mind-set, administrative and physician worldviews, and patient knowledge and expectations. Physician buy-in is critical to reducing undesired variation or creating new and succesfull preventive systems of clinical care, therefore: training physician champions and inciting (aanzetten) them to serve as models, mentors and motivators and it reduces the risk of alienating (vervreemden) the key participants in quality improvement efforts. Patient education in quality of care is equally subject to variation; patients are aware of the status of health care providers in terms of national rankings, public news of quality successes and so on. Educating patients about a health care organization and its commitment to quality makes variation and process-of-care measures available to the public. Organizational mind set ïÆ'   organizational infrastructure is an essential component in minimizing variation, disseminating best practices and supporting a research agenda associated with quality improvements. Economic incentives may be effective in addressing variation in health care by awarding financial bonuses to physicians and administrators who meet quality targets or withholding bonuses from those who do not. Goals of incentives: to help people understand that their organization is serious about implementing quality changes and minimizing unwanted variation to ensure alignment with national standards an directions in quality of care and to encourage them to use the resources of the organization to achieve this alignment . Chapter 4: Quality improvement: the foundation, processes, tools and knowledge transfer techniques Different leaders of quality improvement systems: page 63 – 67 Quality improvement approaches (derivatives and models of the ideas and theories developed by thought leaders): PDCA/PDSA, Associates for Process Improvement’s Model for Improvement, FOCUS PDCA, Baldrige criteria, ISO 9000, Lean, Six Sigma. PDCA/PDSA cycle Basis for planning and directing performance improvement efforts. 1 Plan: Objective: what are you trying to accomplish? What is the goal? Questions and predictions: What do you think will happen? Plan to carry out the cycle: Who? What? When? Where? 2 Do Educate and train staff Carry out the plan (try out the change on a small scale) Document the problems and unexpected observations? Begin analysis of the data 3 Study/Check Assess the effect of the change and determine the level of success as compared to the goal/objective Compare results to predictions Determine what changes need to be made and what actions will be taken next 4 Act Act on what you have learned Determine whether the plan should be repeated with modifications or a new plan should be created Perform necessary changes Identify remaining gaps in process or performance Carry out additional PDCA/PDSA cycles until the agreed-upon goal or objective is met API improvement model Simple model for improvement based on Deming’s PDSA cycle. The model contains three fundamental questions that form the basis of improvement: What are we trying to accomplish? How will we know that a change is an improvement? What change can we make that will results in improvement? FOCUS/PDCA model Building on de PDCA cycle the FOCUS PDCA model is created: more specific and defined approach to process improvement. The key feature of this model is the preexistence of a process that needs improvement. The intent of this model is to maximize the performance of a preexisting process, although the inclusion of PDCA provides the option of using this model for new or redesign process. F: FIND a process to improve O: ORGANIZE a team that knows the process C: CLARIFY current knowledge of the existing or redesigned process U: UNDERSTAND the variables and causes of process variation within the chosen process S: SELECT the process improvement and identify the potential action for improvement Baldrige criteria The criteria can be used to assess performance on a wide range of key indicators: health care outcomes; patient satisfaction; and operational, staff and financial indicators. The Baldrige healthcare criteria are built on the following set of interrelated core values and concepts (page 70). The criteria are organized into seven interdependent categories: Leadership Strategic planning Focus on patients, other customers, and markets Measurement, analysis and knowledge management Staff focus Process management Organizational performance results Baldrige’s scoring system is based on a 1000 point scale. Each of the seven criteria is assigned a maximum value ranging from 85 to 450 maximum points. The most heavily weighted criterion is the results category (450). The weight of this category is based on an emphasis Baldrige places on results and an organization’s ability to demonstrate performance and improvement in the following areas: Product and service outcomes, customer-focused outcomes, financial and market outcomes, workforce-focused outcomes, process effectiveness outcomes, leadership outcomes. ISO 9000 The international Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued the original 9000 series of voluntary technical standards in 1987 to facilitate the development and maintenance of quality control programs in the manufacturing industry. In 2000, ISO made major changes to the standards to make them more relevant to service and health care settings. Focused more on quality management systems, process approach, and the role of top management, the most recent standards include eight common quality management principles: Customer-focused organization Leadership Involvement of people Process approach System approach to management Continual improvement Factual approach to decision making Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Lean thinking Lean ïÆ'   to describe production methods and product development that, when compared to traditional mass production processes, produce more products, with fewer defects, in a shorter time. The focus of Lean methodology is a ‘back to basics’ approach that places the needs of the customer first through the following five steps: 1. Define value as determined by the customer, identified by the provider’s ability to deliver the right product or service at an appropriate price. 2. Identify the value stream: the set of specific actions required to bring a specific product or service from concept to completion 3. Make value added steps flow from beginning to end 4. Let the customer pull the product from the supplier, rather than push products 5. Pursue perfection of the process Six sigma The aim of six sigma is to reduce variation (eliminate defects) in key business processes. By using a set of statistical tools to understand the fluctuation of a process, management can predict the expected outcome of that process. Six sigma incluses five steps, commonly known as DMAIC: Define: Identify the customers and their problems. Determine the key characteristics important to the customer along with the processes that support those key characteristics. Identify existing output conditions along with process elements. Measure: Categorize key characteristics, verify measurement systems and collect data Analyze: Convert raw data into information that provides insights into the process. These insights include identify the fundamental and most important causes of the defects or problems. Improve: Develop solutions to the problem, and make changes to the process. Measure process changes and judge whether the changes are beneficial or another set of changes is necessary. Control: If the process is performing at a desired and predictable level, monitor the process to ensure that no unexpected changes occur. The primary tool of six sigma is that focus on variation reduction will lead to more uniform process output. Secondary effects include less waste, less throughput time and less inventory. Quality tools: three categories (also six categories distinguishing on page 74) Basic quality tools Control chart: upper and lower control boundaries that define the limits of common cause variation. It is used to monitor and analyze variation from a process to determine whether that process is stable and predictable or unstable and not predictable Histogram Cause-and-Effect/Fishbone diagram: the problem is stated on the right side of the cart, and likely causes are listed around major headings that lead to the effect. It can help organize the causes contributing to a complex problem. Pareto chart: 80% of the variation of any characteristic is caused by only 20% of the possible variables. Management and planning tools (75) Affinity diagram: a list of ideas is created, and then individual ideas are written on small note cards. Team members study the cards and group the ideas into common categories. The affinity diagram is a way to create order of a brainstorm session. Matrix diagram: helps us to answer two important questions when sets of data are compared: Are the data related? How strong is the relationship? Priorities matrix: uses a series of planning tools built around the matrix chart. Other quality tools Benchmarking: compares the processes and successes of you competitor of similar top-performing organizations to your current processes to define, through gap analysis, process variation and organizational opportunities for improvement. Benchmarking defines not only organizations that perform better but also how they perform better. Failure mode and effect analysis: examines potential problems and their causes and predicts undesired results. FMEA normally is used to predict product failure form past part failure, but it also can be used to analyze future system failures ïÆ'   both in patient safety toolbox. 5S: is a systematic program that helps workers take control of their workspace so that is actually works for them instead of being a neutral or, as is quite common, competing factor. Sort: means to keep only necessary items Straighten: means to arrange and identify items so they can be easily retrieved when needed. Shine: means to keep items and workspaces clean and in working order Standardize: means to use best practices consistently Sustain: means to maintain the gains and make a commitment to continue the first four S. Theory of Transfer of Learning ïÆ'   page 77 Rapid cycle testing/improvement Developed by IHI, rapid cycle testing/improvement was designed to create various small tests involving small sample sizes and using multiple PDSA cycles that build on the lessons learned in short period while gaining buy-in from staff involved in the change. It is designed to reduce the cycle time of new process implementation from months to days. Read 78/79/80/81 Chapter 5: Milestones in the quality measurement journey Many health care providers struggle to address the measurement mandate proactively, which leads organizations to assume a defensive posture when external organizations release the data. In such cases, the provider usually responds in one of the following ways: data are old, data are not stratified and do not represent appropriate comparisons, our patients are sicker than those in other hospitals. A more proactive posture would be to develop an organization-wide approach to quality measurement that meets both internal and external demands. This approach is not a task, but a journey that has many potential pitfalls and detours. Key milestones exist that mark your progress and chart your direction. Milestone 1: Develop a measurement philosophy (strategic step): What is/should be the role of performance measurement in the organization? Should it be done periodically or a day-to-day function? The first step toward this milestone should be the creation of an organizational statement on the role of measurement. Three simply questions should be explored when developing a measurement philosophy: 1. Do we know our data better than anyone else does? 2. Do we have a balanced set of measures that encompasses clinical, operational, customer service and resource allocations? 3. Do we have a plan for using the data to make improvements? Milestone 2: Identify the concepts to be measured (types and categories of measures) (strategic and operational step) The second milestone consists of deciding which concepts the organization wishes to monitor. There are three basic categories of measures: structure (s): represents the physical and organizational aspects of the organization processes (p): every activity, every job, is part of a process. outcomes (o): structure combine with processes to produce outcomes. The relationship between these categories usually is shown as follows: s + p = o Another categorization that can be made is (more specific) according to the six aims for improvement: 1 Safe, 2 Effective, 3 Patient centered, 4 Timely, 5 Efficient, 6 Equitable Regardless of the method used, an organization must decide which concepts, types, or categories of measures it wishes to track. Milestone 3: Select specific measures What aspect of (patient safety) do we want to measure? What specific measures could we track? Choose a specific indicator In this step you need to specifying what aspect of for example patient safety you intend to measure and the actual measures. Within the patient safety, you could focus on medication errors, patient falls, wrong site surgeries etc. Within the medication error you can measure different things: number of medication orders that had an error, total number of errors caught each day, percentage of orders with an error etc. Milestone 4: Develop operational definitions for each measure An operational definition is a description, in quantifiable terms, of what to measure and the specific steps needed to measure it consistently. A good operational definition: Gives communicable meaning to a concept or an idea Is clear and unambiguous Specifies the measurement method, procedures and equipment Provides decision-making criteria when necessary and Enables consistency in data collection The problem created by poor operational definitions should be obvious: if you do not use the same operational definition each time you record and plot data on a chart, you will either miss a true change in the data or think a change has occurred when in fact one has not. Using the same operational definition becomes even more critical if you are trying to compare several hospitals or clinics in a system. Milestone 5: Develop a data collection plan and gather data (giving special consideration to stratification and sampling) Direct start with data collection may cause teams to collect the wrong data in the wrong amounts. The data collection phase consists of two parts: Planning for data collection: what process will be monitored? What specific measures will be collected? What are the operational definitions of measures?.. The actual data gathering: how will you collect the data? Will you conduct a pilot study? Who will collect the data? (page 94) Once you have resolved these issues, the data collection should go smoothly. Sometimes improvement teams do not spend enough time on data collection plans. This can lead to the following problems: (1) collect too much, or too little data (2) collect the wrong data (3) become frustrated with the entire measurement journey. Consequences can be: the team tends to (1) distort (verdraaien) the data (2) distort the process that is produced the data or (3) kill the messenger. Two key data collection skills – stratification and sampling enhance any data collection effort. Stratification = the separation and classification of data into reasonably homogeneous categories. The objective of stratification is to create strata, or categories, within the data that are mutually exclusive and facilitate discovery of patterns that would not be observed if the data were aggregated. Stratification allows understanding of differences in the data caused by different factors (page 95). If you do not think about how these factors could influence your data you run the risk of making incorrect conclusions and having to filter out the stratification effect manually after you have collected the data. Sampling (steekproef) ïÆ'   the most important thing you can do to reduce the amount of time and resources spent on data collection. There are four conditions for developing a sampling plan: accuracy, reliability, speed and economy. Sampling consists of a series of comprom ises and trade-offs. The basic purpose of sampling is to be able to draw a limited number of observations and be reasonably confident that they represent the larger population from which they were drawn. There are two basic approach to sampling: Probability sampling techniques: based on statistical probability (systematic sampling, simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, stratified proportional random sampling) Non-probability sampling techniques: should be used when estimating the reliability of the selected sample or generally applying the results of the sample to larger population is not the principal concern. The basic objective is of this type of sampling is to select a sample that the researchers believe is typical of the larger population. (convenience sampling, quota sampling and judgement sampling) 99-102 Milestone 6: Analyze the data using statistical process control methods (especially run and control charts) Translate data into information. Milestone 7: Use the analytic results to take action (implement cycles of change, test theories and make improvements) Chapter 6: Data collection Quality measurements can be grouped into four categories: Clinical quality Financial performance Patient satisfaction Functional status To report on each of these categories, several spate data sources may be required. The challenge is to collect as much data as possible from the fewest sources with the objectives of consistency and continuity in mind. Retro prospective data collection: involves identification and selection of a patient’s medical record or group of records after the patient has been discharged. Prospective data collection: relies on medical record review, but it is completed during a patient’s hospitalization or visit rather than retrospectively. Disadvantage: time consuming and can distract nurse from their direct patient care responsibilities, expensive method, mostly full time data analyst needed. Source for data for quality improvements: Administrative databases: are information collected, processed and stored in automated information systems. Excellent source of data for reporting on clinical quality, financial performance, and certain patient outcomes. Advantages: less expensive source of data, they incorporate transaction systems, moest of the code sets embedded are standardized, the database are staffed by individuals who are skilled, the volume is great, data reporting tools are available.. Disadvantages: some argue that these data is less reliable than data gathered by chart review. Patient surveys: especially when teams are interested in the perceptions of patients, either in terms of the quality of care or the quality of service provided. A team can design the survey itself, hire an expert to design a survey, or purchase an existing survey/survey service. Functional status surveys: usually measured before and at several points following the treatment or procedure. (for example a baseline before the knee procedure and then assessments are made at regular intervals after the surgery) Health plan databases: excellent source of data for quality improvement projects, particularly projects that have a population health management f ocus. These databases are valuable because they contain detailed information on all care received by health plan members. It provides a comprehensive record of patient activity and can be used to identify and select patients for enrollment in disease management programs. Used properly: rich source of data for population management, disease management and quality improvement projects. Health plan databases limitations: considerations include accuracy, detail and timeliness. Recoding may make some data inaccurate, they do not contain detailed information on outcomes of care . Patient registries: powerful source of quality improvement data. Advantages: rich source of information because they are customized, can collect all the data that the physician or health system determines are most important, can be used for quality improvements, they are not subject to the shortcomings of administrative or health plan databases, collection techniques can be combined to provide a complete picture of the patient experience. They are versatile and flexible. Example case study in clinical reporting: page 123-127 Conclusion: there are many sources and data collection approaches from which to choose. Rarely does one method serve purposes, so it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of all methods. A combination is also possible. Knowledge of different sources and techniques will help you to use data more effectively and efficiently in your clinical improvement effort. Chapter 7: Statistical tools for quality improvement Three fundamental purposes for performance measurement: Assessment of current performance: identify strengths and weaknesses of current processes Demonstration and verification of performance improvement And control of performance Performance measurement benefits organizations in several ways: provides factual evidence of performance, promotes ongoing organization self-evaluation and improvement, illustrates improvement, facilitates cost-benefit analysis, helps to meet external requirements and demands for performance evaluation, may facilitate the establishment of long-term relationships with various external stakeholders. May differentiate the organization from competitors, may contribute to the awarding of business contacts and fosters organizational survival. .. Chapter 13: Leadership for quality Leadership = working with people and systems to produce needed change. Individual leadership = this set of leadership is about what people must be and what they must know how to do, if they are to influence others to bring about needed changes. Both being and doing are needed, especially when the changes required for quality improvement involve reframing core value or remaking professional teams. Many improvements in health care will require these kinds of deep changes in values. These changes are sometimes labeled as transformational changes to distinguish them from transactional changes, which do not require changes in values and patterns of behavior. Organizational leadership = about creating a supportive organizational environment in which hundreds of capable individual leaders’ work can thrive (groeien). One way to view this level (system-of-leadership level) is as a complex set of interrelated activities in five broad categories: Set direction: every organization has a sense of direction, a future self-image. A leader should set that direction. Establish the foundation: leaders must prepare themselves and their leadership teams with the knowledge and skills necessary to improve systems and lead change (and reframe values) Build will: to initiate and sustain change takes will, which seem to be highly sensitive to discord and often grind to a halt because of one loud voice opposing change ïÆ'   therefore making logical and quantitative links should be made between improvement and key business goals. Generate ideas: quality challenges require innovation. Page 313 Implementing quality as the core organizational strategy Implementing a culture that has quality improvement at its core is an important goal for providers who want to serve patients better, gain the support of healthcare providers, stay ahead of government regulation, meet consumer’s demand for transparent information on quality and costs, an gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Recent history: many efforts have not resulted in the sustainable quality improvements that the leaders hoped to see. Quality improvement strategy should start with leadership from the board of trustees, the CEO and the executive team, but it is a challenge for health care organizations because of the many internal competing agendas, the rapidly changing environment, employees and so on. First step: to establish an organizational culture that will support the hospital on their journey to quality ïÆ'   starting point: leadership! Kaplan Norton: Balanced Scorecard ïÆ'   this approach includes the perspective of the patient and family, internal processes such as clinical pathways, learning and growth opportunities that focus on employees and financial performance. Role of leadership: leaders ask financial questions about market share, margins and quality implications. They raise questions related to the satisfaction of their internal and external customers and the way in which business processes must change to improve and sustain quality. Primary focus on creating a culture of quality. Baldrige National Quality Program Creating the change towards quality starts with leadership. Road map for change Eight stage change process, modified form Kotter’s seminal work (Leading Change 1996) serves as a realistic and viable framework to guide leaders who are managing a change to quality: 1. Unfreezing the old culture This is the most difficult step because of culture’s influence on employee behavior and some employee’s to desire to resist change and impede progress. 2. Forming a powerful guiding coalition 3. Developing a vision and strategy 4. Communicating a vision and strategy 5. Empowering employees to act on the vision and strategy 6. Generating short-term wins 7. Consolidating gains and producing more change 8. Refreezing new approaches in the culture View as multi-pages

Othello: Racism Essay examples -- Othello essays

Othello: Racism  Ã‚        Ã‚   Just how serious is the problem of racial prejudice in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello? Is it pervasive or incidental? This essay intends to answer questions on this subject. Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants maintains that the racial discrimination in the play may be overstated by critics: In the first scene, Roderigo has referred to Othello as â€Å"thick lips.† No other character in the play attributes any such negroid features to Othello, and it should be remembered that Roderigo has a half-insane prejudice against and hatred for Othello. Brabantio refers to his â€Å"sooty bosom,† but may he not have meant his hairy chest? Some rather fair men have black hair on their chests. The word â€Å"sooty† seems to apply more aptly to this interpretation than it does to a mere black body. All other characters refer to Othello respectfully as â€Å"the Moor† or â€Å"the valiant Moor.† (80) In the opening scene, while Iago is expressing his dislike, or rather hatred, for the general Othello for his having chosen Michael Cassio for the lieutenancy, he contrives a plan to partially avenge himself (â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him†), with Roderigo’s assistance, by alerting Desdemona’s father, Brabantio, to the fact of his daughter’s elopement with Othello. Roderigo shares Iago’s prejudiced attitude toward Othello: â€Å"What a full fortune does the thicklips owe / If he can carry't thus!† The word thicklips is a disparaging reference to a facial characteristic of many members of the dark-skinned race. When, by loud shouting, Brabantio is awakened, Iago commences with a series of racial epithets: Zounds, sir, you're robb'd; for shame, put on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   your gown;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your heart is burst, you have lo... ...e.   EMILIA. Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil! (5.2)    Following Iago’s murder of Emilia, he is captured; Lodovico addresses Othello, who is so dejected at having been deceived by his ancient:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   O thou Othello, thou wert once so good,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fall'n in the practise of a damned slave,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What shall be said to thee? (5.2)    Needless to say, damned slave has racial overtones. Shortly thereafter, the hero, in remorse for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love.    WORKS CITED Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.   

Hair Weaving The Mathematical Connection

This survey examines the mathematics behind hair weaving. The observation is conducted in a little salon in Decatur, Georgia. The stylist utilizations math on a day-to-day footing. The range of the mathematics in this survey is merely focused on a little facet that occurs daily in a salon. The mathematics that is involved includes: fractals, transmutation, perimeter, numeration, appraisal, anticipation, measuring, ratios, angles, and add-on. In add-on, the survey demonstrates the importance of utilizing civilization in the schoolroom, and literature that has successfully implemented activities affecting hair gold braid and other African parts.Context of the StudyIntegrating civilization into schoolrooms is really of import. One pattern that is common in the African American civilization is hair lacing and hair weaving, where hair gold braid is a really of import measure in the hair weaving procedure. These peculiar manners are apparent in all schoolrooms across the state. Since the h airdos are prevailing in schools, associating hair weaving to curriculums will actuate the pupils ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . The pupils can function as theoretical accounts. Making the pupils a portion of the lesson will further peer interaction and construct self esteem ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . In add-on, hair weaving will supply a connexion to history. This connexion will supply the chance to larn mathematics in a contextual signifier that African American pupils are familiar with. In add-on, since hair gold braid and hair weaves are a current manner tendency, this tendency can present the historical parts of the African civilization to pupils as good, redesigning the current bringing of mathematical direction ( Weiger, 2000 ) . The fact-finding processs involved in utilizing conceptual mathematics will beef up the African American pupil ‘s critical thought, job resolution, and communicating accomplishments because the pupils are utilizing and discoursing the mathematics.Research Question sThrough the literate reappraisal and the analysis of informations, the undermentioned inquiries will be answered at the terminal of this ethnographic survey: What is the relationship between hair weaving ( sew- in ) and mathematics? How make you use the historical manner parts of ancient Africans to motivate motive amongst African American young person? How make you utilize the civilization of hair to actuate African American young persons? Why is it of import to incorporate civilization and instruction? How make you place the mathematical constructs in hair gold braid and hair weaving?Concise Literature ReviewAfrican Americans take pride in their hair and their visual aspect. This is apparent in the billion dollar hair industry with adult females, work forces and kids lending to the net incomes ( Chris Rock ‘s Good Hair, 2009 ) . The billion dollar industry contains weaves, hair attention merchandises, and hair attention tools. African American adult females can pass 1000s of dollars on one weave session. Since so much accent is placed on hair, the research of schoolroom use by Gloria Gilmer ( 1998 ) is of import to African Americans. During Gloria Gilmer ‘s look intoing into hair manners of African American adult females, geometric designs and forms were discovered in the gold braid procedure ( Gilmer, 1998 ) . After farther probe, the constructs of tessellations were identified in the gold braid forms of the participants. The tessellations were easy seeable in the expo sure provided in the survey. Another research worker connected the forms of hair lacing to the transmutations besides ( Eglash, 2004 ) . On the website provide by Ron Eglash cornrow plaits translate, reflect, rotate, and distend Y forms in which the Y resembles a plait stitch ( 2004 ) . Pamela Frost discovered that African fractals are non limited to hair gold braid, but can be extended to calculate artworks, genetic sciences, and biological science ( 1999 ) . Since hair gold braid contains common taught mathematical constructs, implementing the construct is an easy undertaking. Teachers do non hold to buy extra merchandises to implement the construct, since paper and pencils can be utilized to look into fractals. It is noted that â€Å" pupils can still larn about fractals utilizing common school supplies † ( Frost, 1999 ) . Teachers do non hold to research a batch of information about hair gold braid and hair weaving. African American pupils come with anterior cognition about hair gold braid and hair weaving, associating their anterior cognition to geometry and fractals can help in â€Å" building their ain individualities † ( Frost, 1999 ) . Besides instructors can be provided with pre-written activities about the connexion of hair gold braid and mathematics ( Frost, 1999 ) . An of import facet of utilizing hair lacing in the schoolroom is to help in the development of African American pupils and other minorities. It has been noted that Ethnomathematics such as forms in hair lacing â€Å" respond to the demands of increasing Numberss of pupils who feel like failures for non understanding † ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . African American pupils will see little success by lending information that they are familiar with. In the current educational systems mathematics is used to hike trial tonss, so pupil can accomplish a certain position ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . Often in this procedure minority pupils are left behind in mathematics. In other to level the playing field in mathematics, utilizing Ethnomathematics that involves cultural constructs such as hair gold braid and hair weaving will give the pupils the power to â€Å" spot and look into † which engages pupils ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . Student engagement aids with treating information into memory ( Woolfolk, 2004 ) . With battle, comes larning. African American pupils will hold the chance to larn mathematics and reassign the acquisition to trials and other acquisition activities ( Gilmer, 2004 ) .MethodologyParticipantsThis assignment provided an chance to detect an African American stylist with over 18 old ages of experience in the cosmetology concern. The stylist works in a little upscale salon with two other stylists. The ascertained stylist received her preparation from a local cosmetology school and a concern grade from Bowie State University in Maryland. The stylist stated her trade was mastered through on the occupation preparation and that school merely prepared her with the theory. The client is a professional pedagogue that receives hair weaves every six to eight hebdomads. The client has chemically damaged hair and receives hair weaves to alleviate the mundane emphasis on her hair. Permission was given to merely enter the dorsum of the caput.Study DesignSince hair is a portion of the African American civilization, an ethnographic attack was taken. Culture can non be examined with making a hypothesis, formal testing, and statistical analysis of informations.Data Collection Instruments:During the survey, a FLIP picture camera was used to enter snippings of the hair weaving procedure. In add-on, notes were written to enter the ambiance, the conversations, and the actions of the stylist. An informal interview was used to derive cognition about the client and the stylist techniques.Procedures:Initial Entry: In order to finish this survey, aid from the stylist was requested during a hebdomadal salon visit. During the solicitation, the stylist was given a transcript of the undertaking demands and a brief account about the videotaping. The stylist was concerned with the publication of the recorded techniques. She was assured that the technique was for a category undertaking with no public screenings. The stylist agreed and requested a transcript of the picture once the undertaking was completed. Data Collection: The research worker began the observation procedure around nine 30 a.m. The observation procedure consisted of notes, informal interviews and videotaping. The research worker became an active portion of the procedure by helping with the threading of the acerate leafs. In add-on, the research worker interacted with all the other stylists and clients by supplying information about the survey and take parting in the chitchat in the salon.Data Analysis & A ; SynthesisIn analyzing the informations received during the observation, several mathematical operations were revealed. The first mathematical construct that was revealed was fractals. Fractals are defined as the geometric forms that are repeated, which include dilations ( Frost, 1999 ) . In hair weaving, the first procedure is hair lacing. The stylist subdivisions off little parts of the hair, and so braid the hair. The plaits consist of repeated forms that resemble a â€Å" V † . The plait begins little towar ds the border of the hair and gets larger as the plait reaches the Crown of the heard. The following mathematical construct that was revealed is transmutations which include interlingual renditions and perpendicular contemplations. As mentioned before, the plaits resemble several little V ‘s. The interlingual rendition occurs when the form of the V travels towards the Crown of the caput. The form of the V ‘s is really close together so the plaits are tight. This tightness aids with the hair weave enduring eight hebdomads. Another transmutation that is present is a perpendicular contemplation. The stylist begins with a plait on the right side of the heard and terminals at the Crown of the caput. She so begins with the left side of the caput and ends at the same topographic point. The plaits on each side of the caput are exact opposite of each other. The contemplation line is in the centre of the caput. The perpendicular refection ends at the center of the ears. In add-on, the mathematical construct of numeration was revealed. In several cases, the stylist was observed numbering the figure of plaits on the client ‘s caput. She stated it was of import to hold the same measure of plaits on both sides of the caput. In add-on, the stylist the stylist was observed numbering the figure of weave paths as she connected the weave. Another mathematical construct that was observed during the hair weaving procedure involves measuring and appraisal. The stylist used appraisal to mensurate the length of the weaving yarn. She removed yarn from the bobbin and used the length of her forearm to find the length. This procedure continued until the hair weave was completed. In add-on, the stylist estimates the measure of hair and the monetary value of the service. It was revealed that a anterior conversation occurred between the client and the stylist. The client shows the stylist a image and the stylist determines the measure of hair that is needed. This appraisal is of import because they stylist do non desire the client to buy extra hair. The following mathematical construct observed is arc length. Since the measuring of the caput utilizes perimeter, which is the length of the outermost border of a circle. The plaits that travel from right to go forth could be considered to be single circles. The stylist is gauging the length of the weave paths to attach to the ‘arcs † of the fanciful circles, which is the formal mathematical term called arc length. Another mathematical construct that is utilised is ratios. The stylist discussed the procedure of adding colour to the hair weave. The client purchases a little package of coloured weave. Following, the stylist uses a razor to divide the weave path. Finally, the stylist combines the colour weave path to the black path. In add-on, the stylist utilised ratios in the procedure when she mixed the hair dye for another colour. The stylist did uncover that sometimes hair weave clients receive colour to dissemble the grey hairs. This peculiar client did non have hair colour. After all of the paths were attached to the caput, the stylist used angles to cut the hair. The stylist stated she was utilizing 45 grade angles. It was hard to find the exact measuring of the angles since the stylist cut the hair quickly. Using 40 five degree angles to cut hair is a construct that the stylist learned in beauty school. During the full procedure of attaching the weave path to the plaits, the stylist created knots to guarantee the yarn did non detached. Besides in the initial threading procedure, knots were tied at the terminal of the twine every bit good. The type of knot was non determined. The concluding mathematical construct that was revealed was add-on and minus. The stylist used mental add-on to calculate the cost of the hair weave service. Once the client paid for the service, the stylist provided alteration. There was non any grounds of numbering alteration to the client. Recommendations Listing the possibilities of mathematics being used in the universe is about impossible. Mathematics is used in many signifiers of life such as eating houses, building, auto franchises, and promenades. This use of mathematics supports systems in topographic point working. Since mathematics is apparent in the lives of pupils, it is recommended to associate practical experiences such as hair weaving to the course of study that pupils must larn. This relationship would do mathematics relevant to the universe of pupils. In add-on, supplying this experience will see pupils to possible callings that they may hold had small cognition about. Learning mathematics through practical experiences will give pupil the chance to larn why and how mathematics is used. This signifier of larning supports the constructivist theory, where acquisition is student centered and non teacher centered ( Woolfolk, 2004 ) . Another recommendation to utilizing practical experiences such as hair weaving will give th e chance for pupils to larn utilizing transverse curricular activities. Since hair weaving involves chemicals, designs, and hair, pupils will hold the chance to larn chemical science, art and biological science in context. Observing and questioning a stylist will give a pupil the chance to witness the consequences of chemical procedure on the hair, to incorporate art and manner, and to larn how the organic structure develops skin, and the proper nutrition to keep healthy tegument. Besides it is recommended to give the pupils the chance to larn by making. The custodies on larning experience will advance motive. Motivation amongst African American pupils in mathematics is worsening ( Gilmer, 2004 ) . Using a pattern that is familiar to pupils can supply a gateway to engagement in the category. The pupils will be a portion of the category, taking the phobic disorder of failure, ensuing in assurance in mathematics ( Woolfolk, 2004 ) . This assurance will actuate the pupil to go on to la rn mathematics since the fright of non cognizing is removed. It is besides recommended that instructors create job based acquisition instances utilizing the constructs that relates to civilization such as hair weaving. The instances would advance enquiry about the different civilization and give replies as to why a peculiar civilization patterns certain modus operandis. This window into the lives of others will assist the pupils to understand and appreciate the civilizations of others. The enquiry procedure in the job based acquisition will give the pupils picks about the methods of geting cognition and how of import the information is to their personal state of affairs. The acquisition is navigated by the pupils with instructor counsel, alternatively of driven by instructor input merely. In add-on, the pupils will hold the chance to research and take part in instructional preservations from the research about the different civilizations. The instructional conversations would advanc e integrity and aid in learning diverseness amongst the pupils and the instructors.