Chemical Composition of the Cell: Questions and Answers

Chemical Composition of the Cell: Questions and Answers Chemical Composition Of The Cell Question: Which of the following are called second class proteins? A. Plant proteins B. Animal proteins C. Food proteins D. Milk proteins Answer : A Reason: Plant proteins are called secondary class proteins because they generally contain less of the essential amino acids Question: How proteins can be broken? A. Enzymes B. Digestive enzymes C. Amino acids D. Diet Answer : B Reason: Proteins can be broken down by digestive enzymes into smaller polypeptides, dipeptides and the amino acids. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (603) Question : Which of the following can found a keratin in it? I. Hair II. Nail III. Feather IV. Fibroin in silk A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : D Reason: The secondary structure is the regular arrangement of the polypeptide chain to form a helix or pleated sheet maintained by hydrogen bonds. Example are keratin found in hair, nails, horn, feather and fibroin in silk. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (604) Question : Where are lipids will insoluble? A. In water B. Outside water C. In organic solvents D. Chloroform Answer : A Reason: Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, either and chloroform. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (605) Question : How many main groups of lipids? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Answer : C Reason: The main groups of lipids are four. There are: i. Fats and oil (also know as triglycerides) ii. Phospholipids iii. Steroids iv. Waxes Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (606) Question : Which of the following are another name for â€Å"bad cholesterol†? A. DLD cholesterol B. LDL cholesterol C. Glycero D. Ester Answer : B Reason: A high intake of saturated fats and cholesterol would increase LDL cholesterol (â€Å"bad† cholesterol) levels in the blood. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (607) Question : Which of the following is a precursor of cholesterol? I. Bile salts II. Vitamin D III. Steroids hormones IV. Vitamin A A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : C Reason: Cholesterol is a component of cell membrane. It is precursor of bile salts, vitamin D and steroid hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (608) Question : Which of the following are formed by a phospholipids molecule? A. Condensation of glycerol molecule B. Other lipids C. Condensation of two glycerol D. Condensation of one glycerol Answer : D Reason: A phospholipid molecule is formed form condensation of one glycerol molecule with two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (609) Question : Which of the following are true about the similarities between unsaturated fats and saturated fats? I. Both are triglycerides II. They are formed from condensation of glycerol and fatty acids with removal of water III. Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces glycerol and fatty acids. IV. They function as an energy store and act as a source of energy for cellular metabolism A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : D Reason: The similarities between unsaturated fats and saturated fats are: i. Both are triglycerides ii. They are formed from condensation of glycerol and fatty acids with removal of water iii. Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces glycerol and fatty acids. iv. They function as an energy store and act as a source of energy for cellular metabolism. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (610) Question : Which of the following are secreted by the sebaceous gland? A. Sebum B. Cholesterol C. Phospholipids D. Lecithin Answer : A Reason: Sebum is a lipid secreted by the sebaceous gland Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (611) Question : What are esters of fatty acids with long-chain alcohols? A. Sebum B. Waxes C. Phospholipids D. Lecithin Answer : B Reason: Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long-chain alcohols Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (612) Question : Which of the followings also know as triglycerides? A. Steroids B. Fats and oils C. Phospholipids D. Lecithin Answer : B Reason: Fats and oils also knows as triglycerides Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (613) Question : What is the ration the hydrogen to oxygen? A. 1 : 2 B. 2 : 1 C. 2 : 2 D. 3 : 1 Answer : B Reason: Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen to oxygen ration is 2:1. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (614) Question : Which of the followings are the most common lipids? I. Fats II. Phospholipids III. Oils IV. Waxes A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : B Reason: Fats and oils are the most common lipids Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (615) Question : Which of the have a basic four interconnected ring hydrocarbon structure with different functional side chains? A. Fats and oils B. Phospholipids C. Waxes D. Steroids Answer : D Reason: Steroids have a basic four interconnected ring hydrocarbon structure with different functional side chains. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (616) Question : Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? A. All enzymes in living organisms have an optimum temperature of 37 °C. B. Enzymes increase the activation energy for the reactions they catalyse. C. Enzymes are denatured at 0 °C. D. Enzymes function as organic catalysts Answer : D Reason: The optimum temperature is the temperature at which the rate of reaction is at a maximum, which is about 35 40OC. Above the optimum temperature, the increased kinetic energy cause the chemical bonds, which hold the enzyme molecule in shape, to brake. For many organisms, the rate of reactions stops at 60OC due to complete denaturation of body enzymes. Enzymes function as organic catalysts Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (617) Question : The diagram shows the lock-and-key mechanism of enzyme action. Which of the following statements is correct? A. P is the key and Q is the lock B. Q is the lock and P is the key C. Q is the key and R is the lock D. R is the lock and Q is the key Answer : A Reason: The diagram shows the lock-and-key hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action. Substrate molecule P acts as the â€Å"key† and enzyme molecule Q acts as the â€Å"lock†. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (618) Question : The graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction controlled by enzyme catalase. Which is the correct line that continues the graph after 37 ºC? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : C Reason: The graph shows the effect of increasing temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction controlled by enzyme catalase. For many organism, the rate of reaction stops at 60 ºC due to complete denaturation of body enzyme Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (619) Question : An experiment was carried out to show the effect of temperature on the action of pepsin. The table below shows the contents in test tubes M, N, O, P and the temperatures of the different solutions. The results obtained were then plotted as shown in the graph. The fixed variables are enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and volume of starch suspension. Which of the following graphs I, II, III or IV shows the results of the experiment obtained after 10 minutes? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: An experiment was carried out to show the effect of temperature on the action of pepsin. The table below shows the contents in test tubes I, II, III, IV and the temperatures of the different solutions. The results obtained were then plotted as shown in the graph. The fixed variables are enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and volume of starch suspension. The results shows of the experiment obtained after 10 minutes Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (620) Question : Where there is an excess of substrate, which graph represents the effect of increasing concentration of enzyme on the rate of reaction? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: Increasing enzyme concentration increases the number of active sites available to catalyse the chemical reaction. The rate reaction id directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme, as long as other factors (substrate, temperature and Ph) are not limiting. Where the substance concentration becomes the limiting factor (that is, substrate is in short supply), further increase in enzyme concentration will not increase the rate of reaction Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (621) Question : According to the lock and key hypothesis, which is the lock and the key for enzyme rennin? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: The lock and key mechanism propose that the substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme molecule in the same way that a key fits into a lock. The substrate represents the â€Å"key† and the enzyme, the â€Å"lock†. Rennin is used to coagulate milk proteins in cheese production. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (622) Question : Fresh pineapple juice contains the enzyme protease. A petri dish containing lactose-free milk agar is prepared. Four wells are made in the milk agar. Each well is filled with a different solution as shown in the diagram. The petri dish is incubated in an oven at 37 °C. Which wells are surrounded by a clear region after 3 hours? A. 1 and 4 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4 Answer : B Reason: Fresh pineapple juice contains the enzyme protease. A petri dish containing lactose-free milk agar is prepared. Four wells are made in the milk agar. Each well is filled with a different solution as shown in the diagram. The petri dish is incubated in an oven at 37 °C. Wells 2 and 3 are surrounded by a clear region after 3 hours. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (623) Question : Certain blue-green bacteria can live in hot springs because A. they remain in the cyst form B. the bacterial enzymes are denatured C. the bacterial enzymes have optimal temperatures of 70 °C or higher D. they have thick vesistant cell wall Answer : C Reason: Certain blue-green bacteria can live in hot springs because the bacterial enzymes have optimal temperatures of 70 °C or higher Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (624) Question : The diagram shows the mechanism of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Which of the molecules P, Q, R, or S represents the enzyme? A. P B. Q C. R D. S Answer : B Reason: The diagram shows the lock-and-key hypothesis to explain mechanism of enzyme action. Substrate molecule P acts as the â€Å"key† and enzyme molecule Q acts as the â€Å"lock†. Molecule Q is the enzyme molecule Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (625) Question : The diagram shows the mechanism of enzyme action. Which property of enzyme is shown in the diagram? A. Enzyme structure is denatured by extremes of pH. B. Temperature affects the rate of enzyme reaction. C. Enzyme reaction is non-specific. D. Structure of enzyme remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Answer : D Reason: More extreme changed in pH not affect enzyme activity temporarily and the unchanged. The diagram above that structure of enzyme remains unchanged at the end of the reaction Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (626) Question : The active site of an enzyme is A. identical to its substrate B. identical to the active sites of other enzymes C. complementary to its substrate D. denatured at the end of a chemical reaction Answer : C Reason: The enzyme name is derived by adding the suffix ase at the end of the name of its substrate. Each enzyme has aprecise three dimensional shape with a groove called the active site that is complementary to its substrate Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (627) Question : Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to release oxygen and water. 2H2O2 > 2H2O + O2 Hydrogen peroxide is toxic if allowed to accumulate in the tissues. Tissues that are metabolically active produce more catalase. An experiment is set up as shown in the diagram. In which test tube would gas bubbles be released most rapidly? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : B Reason: In test tube B which have small chicken liver piece and 10cm3 hidrogen peroxide would gas bubbles be released most rapidly. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (628) Question : How many chemical components of carbohydrates in the cells? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7 Answer : A Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. There are four types of carbohydrates which are glucose, starch, glycogen and cellulose. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (629) Question : Which of the following are consequences of deficiency for cellulose? I. Muscles cannot contract II. Low levels of antibodies resulting in low immunity against diseases III. No coordination of cellular activities IV. Plasma membrane not formed A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : A Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (630) Question : Which of the following are type of chemical component that low rate of respiration? I. Glucose II. Starch III. Glycogen IV. Cellulose A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : A Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (631) Question : Which of the following cannot transport oxygen by red blood cells? A. Proteins B. Haemoglobin C. Membrane proteins D. Enzymes Answer : B Reason: Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are important component in the cells. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (632) Question : Which of the following will decrease the respiratory rate in carbohydrates? A. Water B. Intercellular C. Energy D. Deficiency Answer : D Reason: Deficiency in carbohydrates will decrease the respiratory rate and insufficient energy is produces for cellular activities. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (633) Question : Which of the following are biochemical reactions in the cells proceeding at a rate? A. Lack of enzyme results B. Extracellular enzyme C. Intercellular enzymes D. Enzyme catalysed Answer : A Reason: Lack of enzymes results in biochemical reaction in the cells proceeding at a rate too slow to sustain life action. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (634) Question : Which of the following formation of plasma membranes? A. Deficiency in enzyme B. Deficiency in proteins C. Deficiency in lipids D. Deficiency in carbohydrates Answer : C Reason: Deficiency in lipids prevents formation of plasma membranes and absorption of vitamins A, D, E and K. Form : Form 4 Topic : Chemical Composition Of The Cell Bil : (635) Question : Which of the following will cause stunted growth? A. Deficiency in enzyme B. Deficiency in proteins C. Deficiency in lipids D. Deficiency in carbohydrates Answer : B Reason: Deficiency in proteins will cause stunted growth Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (636) Question : Which of the following are the correct sequences of stages in interphase? A. G1 phase > G2 phase > S phase B. G1 phase > S phase > G2 phase C. S phase > G1 phase > G2 phase D. S phase > G2 phase > G1 phase Answer : B Reason: Interphase occurs before mitosis. The chromosomes are elongated, thin threads called chromatin. They are difficult to see under the light microscope. Interphase can be divided into 3 phases: G1 phase > S phase > G2 phase Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (637) Question : o The cell grows rapidly in size o There is high metabolic rate, synthesis of proteins and cellular organelles The processes above occur in which stage of interphase? A. M phase B. S phase C. G2 phase D. G1 phase Answer : D Reason: Interphase occurs before mitosis. The chromosomes are elongated, thin threads called chromatin. They are difficult to see under the light microscope. Interphase can be divided into 3 phases: G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase. G1 phase also known as growth phase I. G1 cells have high metabolic rate and synthesis of proteins and cellular organelles occurs. The G1 phase cell growth rapidly in size. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (638) Question : Which of the following is not true about cancer? A. It is caused by uncontrolled mitosis B. It may be caused by a mutation in a gene or genes C. It is a class of diseases characterised by benign tumours D. Exposure to ultraviolet light and X-rays may increase the risk of contracting cancer Answer : C Reason: Cancer is caused by uncontrolled mitosis. It may be caused by a mutation in a gene or genes. Benign tumours usually grow slowly and are not cancerous. They are localized lumps of cells and generally do not invade adjacent tissues or spread to other side. Exposure to ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation and X-rays may increase the risk of contracting cancer. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (639) Question : Which of the following statements is not true? A. Mitosis produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other B. Cytokinesis is the synthesis of new cytoplasm C. Clones are genetically identical cells D. Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes Answer : B Reason: Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (640) Question : How many cells are produced by a zygote which undergoes a series of six mitotic divisions? A. 6 B. 12 C. 32 D. 64 Answer : D Reason: The mitotic phase (M phase) includes mitosis and cytokinesis. During mitosis, the nucleus, containing the duplicated chromosomes, divided to form two daughter nuclei. During crytokinesis the cell crytoplasm divides into two. Cell division occurs that is, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Each daughter cell then enters into interphase. 64 cells are produced by a zygote which undergoes a series of six mitotic divisions Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (641) Question : An animal somatic cell has a diploid number of 24 chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in a sperm and a liver cell of the same animal? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : B Reason: An animal somatic cell has a diploid number of 24 chromosomes. In a sperm have 12 chromosomes and a 24 liver cell of the same animal Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (642) Question : The bar chart shows the amount of DNA present in a somatic cell of an animal at different stages of mitosis. How many DNA units would be present in the nucleus of one cell of this animal at the end of the first meiotic division? A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 Answer : B Reason: Mitosis is a continuous process. However, for purpose of discussion, it usually divided into four main stages. There are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Telophase are the two sets of chromosomes have separated and have reached the opposite poles of the cell. So, the bar chart shows the amount of DNA present in a somatic cell of an animal at different stages of mitosis. Two DNA units would be present in the nucleus of one cell of this animal at the end of the first meiotic division Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (643) Question : The diagram represents the life cycle of a flowering plant. At which stage does mitosis occur? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : D Reason: The diagram represents the life cycle of a flowering plant. Mitosis occur from zygote to flowering plants. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (644) Question : The diagram shows movements within a cell during mitosis. What do the three curves represent? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : B Reason: In the metaphase in plant cell, the centromeres of most plants do not have a pair of centrioles poles of the spindle fibre. The centromeres of the chromosomes and the poles of the spindle fibres. Each chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids is attracted by the centromere to a spindle fibre. At the end of metaphase, each centromere divides into two. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (645) Question : Which of the following are the similarities between mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells? I. the cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase II. have a pair of centrioles within their centrosomes III. Occurs in certain types IV. centrosomes of most do not have a pair of centrioles A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, III and IV Answer : A Reason: The similarities between mitosis and cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells are: i. Both animal and plant cells go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase ii. Each parent cell divides once to produce two daughter iii. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and are genetically identical to the parent cell. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (646) Question : The diagram shows a chromosome after DNA replication. Which of the following are consist of it? I. two sister chromatids II. centromere III. one chromatid IV. Chromatin A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : C Reason: The diagram shows a chromosome after DNA replication seen during prophase. It is seen to consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Sister chromatids and centromere are in one chromatid Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (647) Question : Which of the following is not a difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : A Reason :3 Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (648) Question : A dye commonly used to stain chromosomes in cells of onion root meristems is A. eosin B. aceto-orcein C. iodine D. methylene blue Answer : B Reason: A dye commonly used to stain chromosomes in cells of onion root meristems is aceto-orcein Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (649) Question : The diagram shows a chromosome at Prophase I, meiosis. What are structures P and Q? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : A Reason: The diagram shows a chromosome at Prophase I in meiosis It is seen to consist of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (650) Question : The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Where does meiosis occur in the flower? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 3 and 4 only Answer : C Reason: The diagram shows the longitudinal section of a flower. Meiosis occur in the flower are at pollen mother cells and embryo sac mother cell. Pollen mother cells in the another undergo meiosis to produce microspores that develop into pollen grains. The embryo sac mother cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspore, one of which is the origin of the egg cell Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (651) Question : Which of the following is not a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. A B. B C. C D. D Answer : A Reason: Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (652) Question : Which of the following are true about interphase? I. occurs before Meiosis I II. cell size is increases III. replication of DNA occurs IV. the centrioles replicate A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : D Reason: Interphase are: i. Occurs before Meiosis I ii. The cell increase in size iii. Replication of DNA occurs.There is duplication of chromosomes iv. The centrioles replicate Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (653) Question : What is an example of polyploidy? A. Fertilisation B. Meiosis C. The tetraploid condition D. Mitosis Answer : C Reason: The tetraploid condition is an example of polyploidy. Polyploidy is the condition where organisms have more than a diploid number of chromosomes Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (654) Question : Which of the following are rare in animal? A. Polypoidy B. Polyploidy C. Haploid D. Mitosis Answer : B Reason: Polyploidy cannot be sustained and is rare in animal. Offspring are usually not viable and are aborted. Hence, it is very important to maintain the diploid chromosomal number from generation to generation to support life. Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (655) Question : Which of the following are types of cells undergo meiosis? I. In the human testis II. In the human ovary III. In flowering plant IV. In fruit plant A. I only B. I and III only C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV Answer : C Reason: There are three types of cells undergo meiosis. There are in the human testis (the male reproductive organ that produce sperm), in the human ovary (the female reproductive organ that produce ova) and in flowering plants Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (656) Question : How many haploids sets of chromosomes are created? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Answer : B Reason: Chromosomes arrive at the poles, elongate and become long, thin chromaytin threads again. Two haploids sets of chromosomes are created Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (657) Question : Which of the following is as chiasmata? A. Meiosis occurs B. Mitosis occurs C. Crossing-over occurs D. Polyploidy occurs Answer : C Reason: Crossing-over occurs. There is exchange of segments of genetic material between non sister chromatids within a pair of homologous chromosomes. Crossing-over at site knows as chiasmata Form : Form 4 Topic : Cell Division Bil : (658) Question : Which of the following are called a tetrad?

About Belonging

Laird's stories show that all people face challenges no matter where they live In the world. Do you agree? Having a sense of belonging is important for everyone and Laird's short stories, â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† describe the problems people face when they feel isolated. She sets many of her short stories In America and describes the difficulties that some immigrants face when confronted with a new culture, gender expectations or crisis.She also demonstrates, however, how others readily adapt and embrace their new lifestyle. Nonetheless Chumps Lair uses a diverse range of characters to illustrate the human need to feel belonged to one self to others, to feel accepted and have a place to belong. Between the nine short stories that Chumps Lair has written she has set up a range of main characters facing similar problems contrasting their different living styles but comparing the fact that they have problems.Lair wants to explain that everyone can face problems. One of her challenges she has developed with In the short stones Is the demand of a sense of belonging. In â€Å"when Mr. Pravda moms to dine† The first-person speaker is a ten-year-old girl, Lila. Lila faces a problem when she finds herself caught between the traditions of her parent's and American. Her mother understands that Lila Is American – We live here now, she was born here' (p. 26) ? and has little understanding of the politics of India and Pakistan.Yet, something still fascinates Lila about her parent's' homeland. This confusion Lair has developed in her narrator was to demonstrate how important it is to someone to have a sense of belonging to a place and without that feeling they become lost and confused. Alular has revealed feeling a sense of belonging to a place through a young girl and also through an old Indian lady. By comparing Laird's short stories, It illustrates the struggles people face when they have a loss of belonging to a place, or others.Similar to All In â€Å"when Mr. Piranha came to dine† Mrs. Seen in the story by the same name, folds herself lost in a different culture and Is unwilling to adapt to that culture. Mrs. Seen is an old Indian woman who came to America; living In one country for most of her life she feels a sense of belonging to that culture and no matter where she goes she refuses to change her expectations due to the place she is in. This inability to conform to her new society is shown by her inability and unwillingness to learn how to drive.Her separation from the culture she is living in is shown when she is on a bus with a ‘bloodlines bag' (p. 132) full of fish and a woman with ‘a crisp white bag from the drugstore' (p. 132) tells the bus driver. Mrs. Seen Is living In a world where blood and the real world are ever- present, a distinct contrast with the antiseptic world of America. Lair Illustrate the same problem of being forced to adapt and change to survive In another culture with anothe r old Indian woman.In a † real Durban† Boor' ma works in America and wishes to have a sense of belonging with that country and culture which is unlike Mrs. Seen who refuses to change. Lair wants to demonstrate a similar ‘OFF in accepting change. Boor ma seeks to find belonging to a place but then is rejected due to the untrusting of another culture. â€Å"We shared our coal, gave her a place to sleep, how could she betray us like this. â€Å"P. 81 . Boor ma wishes to connect to a culture, to others as well as to a place. Not being accepted in any of those could create a loss f your true identity.Being confused about your identity is a universally human problem people face. Many people try to find a sense of belonging within them. Being confused about your identity is a hard Journey to achieve a comfortable and true description of yourself. Lair illustrates this tough Journey In ‘Sexy. Miranda tries on a number of identities in her search to feel comfortable within her. She recalls being exploited when she was younger; however, the affair with Deep offers her hope that she can establish a new sense of self. â€Å"Pressed her face against Dive's engineers intertwined with hers† p. 4 revealing the extent that Miranda was trying to steal someone else's identity and not seek her own. Lair explores the idea that identity, is something that must be hunted. We gain a sense of identity through family, society and culture. For the culturally displaced, this is a difficult endeavourer. The search for identity is universal. Chumps Lair has created a diverse collection of characters from young to the old and different cultures, to reveal that problems anyone can face are universal. One of the problems Chumps Lair has created is a universal human desire to belong.Unable to adapt to a different culture or not being accepted, is a tough challenge people face in order to have a sense of belonging. Being tied between two different cultures can s park confusion in where you're meant to belong. In addition trying to find a sense of belonging within themselves in a problem that faces many characters Chumps Lair has created. Ultimately Chumps Laird's key message is that anyone regardless of their culture, origin, age, or gender can face similar problems, which makes it harder for them to have a sense of belonging.

Global Security: Weapons of Mass Destruction Essay

Since the Cold War, introducing nuclear weapons into the global system was one of the biggest changes that created a global phenomenon even after the year 1945 to the contemporary global politics. It has shaped the crucial aspects of the strategic actions of the states and transformed the international system. After experiencing two catastrophic global conflagrations, the global system has not triggered major wars and intra-regional wars over the post-Cold War period. However, utilising nuclear weapons to prevent world war should be treated with great attention as there are prospects of nuclear proliferation globally. The traditional definition of security is being freedom from danger and risk. However, in this context of the global politics, it perceives ‘security’ as something that makes protection and creates sense of safeness. Thus throughout this essay, it will discuss the meaning of security in the means of how it was created through the influence of nuclear/ weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Firstly, it will analyse the changing attitudes of strategic studies post-Cold War in the developments of nuclear technology proliferation. Moreover, it will critically discuss the influences of the nuclear weapons towards the security model in relations to why states still seek to develop weapon of mass destruction (WMD) in the contemporary global politics. Understanding the terror and recognising of the destruction capabilities of nuclear weapon in the contemporary era can be a challenge to the people of today as the last nuclear weapon detonated in 1945. Subsequently, it is important to observe the historical context of WMD development and study the intention of the WMD. 1940 was the year of the birth of the first nuclear arsenal named as ‘Ivy Mike’. American physicists and their leader Edward teller developed nuclear armaments that was first detonated in 1945, (Balogun, 2011 p. 160) which was defined as; extreme scale immediate mass destruction. The strategic studies of the international relation have drastically changed in the past 20 years. Steve Smith’s The increasing insecurity of Security Studies: Conceptualising Security in the Last Twenty Years (1999) examines some aspect of security study literature in the last two decades. Smith addresses his main analyses of the changed perspective of the core subject nitially concentrated on state and military to human social security. His view of what it is called the security studies in the contemporary system, moves away from the concentrating on the aspect of the military, WMD as the dominant issue but argues that the crucial issue is human security. On the other hand, Andrew O’Neil (2009) approaches the study in different perspective as he argues that WMD continues to act as the central role in international relations and in security studies as still in the contemporary system numerous states continues to value nuclear weapons as the supreme strategic possession for their security. Synder (2000 p. 174) has given the two variables for explaining the dynamics of nuclear proliferations. The operative growth of nuclear arsenals among the superpowers can be identified as ‘vertical proliferation’. Furthermore, significant potential for the spread can be recognised in other technologically capable states to develop nuclear technology and this is recognised as ‘horizontal proliferation’. Increase in producing nuclear technology and actions of testing have developed public’s eye catching concern, which is in relations to both military and environmental crisis. In generating nuclear power into the state it builds the sense of both security for the state conversely insecurity for human and the environment. Acknowledging the power of state after possessing nuclear weapons will definitely achieve security against external threat, nevertheless it is crucial to consider the aspect of economic effect on the state. In obtaining nuclearization, the state must have the capability in economic and technological terms. Developing researches and building nuclear arsenal are phenomenally expensive even to sustain, whether the state is able to begin to build nuclear weapon programs, if the state is incapable to maintain their program effectively it would lead to the chances of misleading the program, thus may cause major threat to its own state. Moreover, nuclear arsenals under the programs can lead into the hands of the ‘rouge state’ (2000 p. 159). External threat of bribery from other rouge states can follow after the financial struggle of opening of the bureaucracy. In the past states have failed to sustain the nuclear system as it is outstandingly costly, Soviet Union is one the example that diminished nuclear program due to lack of finical hold up. In this case, the state should pursue for other survival resources to provide security for their people, for instance; environmental sustainability and enhanced agriculture. Neo –classical realist assesses the state’s power and examines of the consequences of the nuclear proliferation, on why the state pursue changes in its power in relations to their declining power position in the global system. Leaders and decision makers of their states are afraid of the strategic costs in their own actions in trying to achieve further and superior security. The NMD not only profoundly stresses the status quo (2000 p. 171), but it also threatens to create an incongruous actions to other states to produce or prepare a similar level of power of security to counter the external threat. Thus it generates a certain situation as known as; ‘acute security dilemma’ or a ‘cascade’ of nuclear proliferation, â€Å"an increase in one state’s security decreases the security of others† (Jervis, 1993 p. 8). The states facing security dilemma are determined by the given factors of their geographic size and location, power of their equipped military and strategy. These factors are expected to manipulate the position of the state in the international system by means of security threats. Security dilemma actively elevates up and down the chances of conflictions between states, hence it shapes balancing strategies. In comprehending the occurrence of nuclear proliferation, it is important to understand the theory on why states pursue nuclear power. In the means of security, constructivist have presented an insight on how to analyse the question of ‘‘How nuclear weapon technology mean different things in different places and times’ (Rogers, lecture), constructivist states that it is challenging to determine with the absence of calculating and the perceiving into giving attention to cultural, social and historical context of the state to how the definition came to assessable. Thus, it is important to develop an understanding of the purpose of WMD in the international system, with the question of why states seek to build nuclear power. Numerous realist and non-realist scholars consider the ‘security model’ as the standard justification for occurrence of nuclear proliferation (Sagan, 1997). According to the security model states will, â€Å"develop nuclear weapons when they face a significant military threat to their security that cannot be met through alternative means. † (1997 p. 54) Established on Waltz’s theory of neo-realism, a limited, although persuasive part of the realist theory; the security model was derived initially from the original thought of balance of power. He puts forward his thought that states involves in competitive strategies for insure of their security and survival. In the short term, it is anticipated that states will weigh against from the changes in relative power that destabilise their position in the global system, externally by unifying with a nuclear armed state or internally by developing nuclear technology themselves. Further looking at the long term, states are likely to develop nuclear arsenals through imitating after observing an effective but also successive strategy attempted by states. Sagan concludes that almost all the judgments to develop nuclear arsenals â€Å"appear to be best explained by the security model† (1997 p. 85). Consequently, the security model addresses a persuasive explanation regarding the theory nuclear proliferation. Three specific models are introduced in explaining the incongruous impact of nuclear proliferation; why states seek to build nuclear weaponry, in Sagon’s article, ‘Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb’ (1997). Security model of ‘nuclear weapons and international threat’ is the first model Sagon introduces. According to the neorealist, the international system is an anarchy which is driven by the threat of nuclear weapons where states are to equip for preparation for conflict. Absence of authority in the system, states can desire to choose to achieve self-help. However in spite of authority, there are strong and weak states that separate which states are capable of obtaining more power through nuclear weapons. The three factors are crucial in the makeup of a strong state, they are; powerful military, economy and politics. As mentioned earlier, security dilemma is a result of proliferation but also in vis a versa producing a chain reaction, Sagon believes that ‘From this perspective, one can envision the history of nuclear proliferation as a strategic chain reaction’ (1997, p. 58). The previous model could not offer the whole explanation which the second model could explain whole reason why states pursue to develop nuclear weapons. The second model is, domestic politics model, it focuses on who encourages and discourage the state government to develop WMD. Within the domestic level Sagon explain that there is also a chain reaction and maps out who governs the state to process of developing nuclear arms, Sagon says, ‘the acquisition of nuclear weapons †¦ is likely to serve the parochial bureaucratic or political interests of at least some individual actors within the state’ (p. 63). In contrast to the security model, the causality is not ‘unidirectional’ (Rogers, 2012 lecture) but further complexity follows as it activates at the level within the state. The last, third model that Sagan study is the norm model which addresses states as unitary actors and it concentrates on norms in reference to the possession of nuclear arsenals. It peruses to apprehend the role of nuclear weapons symbolically and argues that state’s actions are ‘determined by common beliefs about which actions are appropriate in the international community’ (p. 73). As a final point, the last model seeks to envision the forthcoming future for the potential of non-proliferation era. The three models by Sagan have explained and provided a perception on the theatrical justification of nuclear proliferation on the reason behind states would seek nuclear power for the ultimate power for threatening external states. The studies of the three models demonstrated an aspect on how possession of a nuclear weapon can change the system drastically internally and externally through the distortion of the balance of power. Nonetheless, these models have also given the truth about the consequences that ultimate power can be achieved however; nuclear weapons will not necessarily provide or elevate complete state security. In actual fact, this security practice also accompanies insecurity where the contemporary international system in presence of nuclear proliferation it is a challenge not to face security dilemma. The ongoing nuclear proliferation is one of the distress issues in the international system. The movement of the proliferation alters the balance of power between the states creating a possible eruption in the system. An example in the contemporary politics, North Korea has obtained nuclear and missile technology and have directed bomb testing which have intensified the tension between the two Koreas (2009). Moreover, North Korea’s uncertain internal political activities may have created falsifiable knowledge, however this clearly demonstrates the security dilemma in the states surrounding as well as the allied superpowers are caused in the consequences of contemporary proliferation. In 1970, the regime of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) entered the international system which became the central focus in the non-proliferation organisation. It is a prime structure of managing the spread of nuclear weapons in the international system. It is designed and bounded built from expectations by policy makers in solving security dilemma. The NPT operates as a normative regime, the treaty seeks to challenge why or why not state choose to build nuclear weapon but also examines state behaviours and perceptions in the state in accordance to their nuclear power (2000 p. 175). The NPT is influential and conspicuous in shaping the thought of policy makers and leaders of the state to determine whether the state should develop nuclear technology or not, allied or independent or as for energy provision. Most importantly, it determines and suspects the validity of a nuclear armed state as well as their maintenance. Moreover, it is an arrangement between nuclear armed state which have agreed to nuclear materials and technology transmission to a non-nuclear armed state for peaceful determination, then this state obligate themselves to utilise nuclear materials and technology only for peaceful purposes and not dissuade its primary purpose to develop nuclear weapons (Bosch, 2007 p. 16). According to the NPT, the current situation in North Korea and Iran are in the case of being outside of the normative framework. Only those state who act inside the normative framework are reflected as a proper state, states that are outside the framework are considered as an improper state and these states are recognised as ‘rouge states’ (2000 p. 159) From this, it is clear to vision the influential power of NPT in the international system in shaping state’s actions. Various debates have risen in regards to its unbalanced regime by the NPT. In respect to the military rules NPT have regulated a biased and unequal military regime labelled as â€Å"imperial like imbalance† (Kissling 2008, p. 30). It is states that NPT lacks in some aspects of definite responsibility and keeping the timeframe to discharge nuclear weapons. Though NPT is considered influential, its role in accomplishing complete disarmament, negotiations in the international system has not been an effective control. Organisations and treaties such as Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation or the Fissile Material Cut off Treaty hardly enacted policies. Primary time of the NPT regime, many states imposed the NPT’s disarmament commitment on nuclear technology through the prevention of aircraft and ship transports holding nuclear materials from entering the state boundaries. However, prohibition of nuclear armaments was infrequently imposed. Thus, lack of strict obligations, have made perpetual actions of nuclear proliferation within the states, including rouge state, which is still persists so far in the contemporary politics. 2008, p. 31) Furthermore the NPT authorized nuclear armed states to conduct ‘peaceful nuclear explosions’ and in military purposes to experiment nuclear weapons, all below level zero. Comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty was finally enacted in 1996 and prohibited these actions of testing or detonating any nuclear weapons. Most importantly, states from NTP that possesses nuclear armaments and non-nuclear armed states have not yet ratified or signed for the NPT. Hence, NPT still lack in the requirements to enter the international force. Consequences of these unresolved of complete disarmament by the NPT or any other non-proliferation regime, the threat of nuclear weapons will continue to rise and sense of fear and insecurity will continually follow The study of the structure, development, and history of the non-proliferation regime, analysing some of conflicting attitude to the issue has led to recognise that this contemporary politics are in a period trapped by the growing dangers. Give the impression that more than ever, the regime of proliferation will continue to arise to be more powerful; however understanding of nuclear behaviour has limits as nuclear power also carries both great senses of security and insecurity for the state (Synder, 2000, p. 189). Nuclear weapon alone carries great amount of complexity. There it challenges external states, policy makers and leaders in determining nuclear armed state’s motivation and its behaviour especially rouge states attaining nuclear arsenals. There are two paths in regards these consequences in the future; a state can strive towards or away from nuclear weapons. Non-proliferation and disarmament will occur as there are perspectives on states denuclearising due to the fall any of politic, economic, and military factors. Proliferation may continue due to the chain reaction of security dilemma encircling insecurity in the international system. Thus this has developed critical thinking on why states still choose to pursue nuclear technology in the contemporary politics. Security models pointed by Sagan are filters to understand the theology of nuclear proliferation. WMD has challenged the thought on international security in the contemporary politics as the studies still haven’t settled with a definite answer of when the complete non-proliferation era will arrive, before then the sense of insecurity through security dilemma will encircle the international system.

Police Corruption And Corruption - 1538 Words

When people think of or discuss issues within policing in the United States, one of the main topics that has been around for as long as the police have, is corruption. Police corruption has been defined as the abuse of police authority for personal gain (Police Corruption and Misconduct. Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. 2008. The Gale Group 4 Dec. 2017) . Corruption can be as limited as one officer, or can be group of officers as well. There is the rotten apple theory, which attempts to explain police corruption and where it comes from. While all corruption fits under abuse of authority, there are different ways in which the police can be corrupt. Corruption can fit many different scenarios and situations, from drugs,†¦show more content†¦The FBI arranged an undercover agent and vehicle that was equipped with cameras, to be stopped by Fairview Township PD. Baker had the vehicle towed, and without a warrant and disregarding orders from an FBI agent not to search the vehicle, he searched the vehicle and stole $3,000 from a gym bag that was in the trunk. Baker was arrested by the FBI two days later, and confessed to both incidents. (U.S. Attorney’s Office Middle District of Pennsylvania. â€Å"Former Police Officer Convicted On Corruption Charges†.Justice.gov.U.S. Department Of Justice, 9/15/2017). Both these articles show that police corruption is still present in our society and police departments, and even veteran officers can be involved. They also show that many times corrupt officers do tell other officers what they do, and sometimes attempt to bring other officers into their schemes. Which does not make it any easier to investigate, because of the strong bond and loyalty between officers, and the fear of being labeled as a â€Å"rat† or someone the brotherhood can’t trust. While police corruption has been present in society for as long as there have been police, there have also been measures put in place t o investigate and deter this behavior. The Knapp Commission was created in 1970 to investigate and control police corruption in New York City, when it was flooded with corruption. It was discovered that police would allow illegal gambling, ifShow MoreRelatedThe Corruption Of Police Corruption1484 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning police officers, police corruption has become a major topic. Police officers seem to be making more questionable and unethical decisions according to the media. With these questionable actions, the idea that police officers are corrupt has been a steadily growing opinion. 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